Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.
College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.
Crit Rev Microbiol. 2022 Mar;48(2):240-256. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2021.1960482. Epub 2021 Aug 5.
Influenza viruses are one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in humans and their newly emerging and re-emerging virus strains are responsible for seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, leading to a serious threat to global public health systems. The poor clinical outcome and pathogenesis during influenza virus infection in humans and animal models are often associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, which is also known as hypercytokinemia or "cytokine storm", that precedes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and often leads to death. Although we still do not fully understand the complex nature of cytokine storms, the use of immunomodulatory drugs is a promising approach for treating hypercytokinemia induced by an acute viral infection, including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review aims to discuss the immune responses and cytokine storm pathology induced by influenza virus infection and also summarize alternative experimental strategies for treating hypercytokinemia caused by influenza virus.
流感病毒是导致人类呼吸道感染的主要病原体之一，其新出现和重现的病毒株可引发季节性流行和偶发性大流行，严重威胁全球公共卫生系统。在人类和动物模型中，流感病毒感染时临床结局较差且发病机制复杂，常伴有促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的过度产生，这也被称为高细胞因子血症或“细胞因子风暴”，它先于急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）发生，且常导致死亡。尽管我们仍不完全了解细胞因子风暴的复杂性质，但免疫调节药物的使用为治疗急性病毒感染（包括高致病性禽流感病毒感染和 2019 年冠状病毒病）诱导的高细胞因子血症提供了一种很有前景的方法。本综述旨在讨论流感病毒感染诱导的免疫反应和细胞因子风暴病理学，并总结治疗流感病毒引起的高细胞因子血症的替代实验策略。
