Catney Gemma, Wright Richard, Ellis Mark
Geography, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
Trans Inst Br Geogr. 2021 Jun;46(2):330-346. doi: 10.1111/tran.12416. Epub 2020 Sep 29.
This paper analyses the most ethnically diverse spaces in England. We define multi-ethnic neighbourhoods as spaces where no one group is in a majority and at least five ethnic groups have representation. Around 4% of all English neighbourhoods (Lower Layer Super Output Areas) met these criteria in 2011. Often mislabelled as "segregated" spaces, the growth of ethnically diverse neighbourhoods helps benchmark increased inter-ethnic contact, yet we know very little about their spatial extent and the dynamics of their expansion. We use Census data for 1991, 2001, and 2011 to consider how neighbourhood-level diversity has changed during a period of substantial increase in ethnic diversity at the national scale. To what extent did these highly diverse areas grow, and what is the geography of that growth? Which types of areas did these neighbourhoods transition from? For example, were multi-ethnic neighbourhoods formerly low or moderately diverse, and which groups dominated these locales? We also consider if multi-ethnic neighbourhoods are here to stay, or if they are compositionally unstable. We reveal a surprising aspect in England's neighbourhood transitions: multi-ethnic neighbourhoods are highly stable, and increasingly so. Some 88% of neighbourhoods that were multi-ethnic in 1991 retained their high-diversity status in 2001, while over 95% of 2001 multi-ethnic neighbourhoods remained highly diverse by 2011. This is a different story to that of the USA, where high-diversity neighbourhoods have received more scholarly attention, and where these neighbourhoods have high attrition rates, functioning as stepping stones to another type of space. We explore the demographic and housing dynamics associated with this stability.
本文分析了英格兰种族最多样化的地区。我们将多民族社区定义为没有一个群体占多数且至少有五个种族群体有代表的地区。2011年，全英格兰约4%的社区（下层超级输出区）符合这些标准。多民族社区的发展常常被错误地贴上“隔离”地区的标签，它有助于衡量族裔间接触的增加，但我们对其空间范围及其扩张动态知之甚少。我们使用1991年、2001年和2011年的人口普查数据，来研究在全国范围内种族多样性大幅增加的时期，社区层面的多样性是如何变化的。这些高度多样化的地区增长到了何种程度，这种增长的地理分布是怎样的？这些社区是从哪些类型的地区转变而来的？例如，多民族社区以前是低多样性还是中等多样性，哪些群体在这些地区占主导地位？我们还会考虑多民族社区是会持续存在，还是其构成不稳定。我们揭示了英格兰社区转变中一个令人惊讶的方面：多民族社区非常稳定，而且越来越稳定。1991年的多民族社区中，约88%在2001年保持了其高多样性状态，而2001年的多民族社区中，超过95%到2011年时仍然高度多样化。这与美国的情况不同，在美国，高多样性社区受到了更多学术关注，而且这些社区的人员流失率很高，起到了通往另一种类型空间的跳板作用。我们探讨了与这种稳定性相关的人口和住房动态。
