Ali Nour Mohammad-Sadik, Karam Ayman, Mukhopadhyay Indrajit
Department of Solar Energy, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University; PDEU, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India.
Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, CNRS, Université de Poitiers/ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France.
Heliyon. 2021 Jul 12;7(7):e07554. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07554. eCollection 2021 Jul.
The study has described through the extrapolation method the roles of those precursors' ions as main substances accompanying the progress of electroplating processes that have been used mainly in the deposition of semiconductor thin film and in the fabrication of solar cells. The role of some materials as primary salts have been compared to each other according to their structures, and through the extrapolation method the atomic structures of the metals included in those salts have been reviewed in 3D forms, investigated and compared. The nuances, on the other hand, cannot be denied. However, the study has reached a plausible point of comparison to substantiate the pieces of evidence of these ions' role in the aqueous solitons. Definitely, the aim is to build up the ultimate steps to finally disclose the essential role of some inorganic or organic compounds in the deposition solution, claiming a step ahead for particular purposes about some elements in the periodic table. Basically, the study cannot rebuke that the available data play an innate part in this study and the next investigating steps in the future. This attempt has somehow illustrated the role of sulfate, nitrate and chloride as accompanying ions in the major salts that have been used to get the desired results in solar cells fabrications. Also, the study has confirmed the basics of mechanisms in which those ions could be compared to each other. For instance, sulfate, nitrate and chloride ions can compare the final results of some metals electrodeposition according to the positions of those metals in the periodic table when fabricating the solar cells. The thickness or the atomic composition of Cu and Zn deposits can be increased at considerably higher voltages starting from IB to IIB columns, whilst for Ga and In deposits, they can be increased starting from the top to the bottom of IIIA column.
该研究通过外推法描述了这些前驱体离子作为主要物质在电镀过程中的作用，这些电镀过程主要用于半导体薄膜的沉积和太阳能电池的制造。根据一些材料作为主要盐类的结构相互进行了比较，并通过外推法以三维形式回顾、研究和比较了这些盐类中所含金属的原子结构。另一方面，细微差别不可否认。然而，该研究已经得出了一个合理的比较点，以证实这些离子在水孤子中作用的证据。当然，目的是建立最终步骤，以最终揭示沉积溶液中某些无机或有机化合物的重要作用，为元素周期表中的某些元素在特定目的上向前迈出一步。基本上，该研究不能指责现有数据在本研究及未来的后续研究步骤中发挥着固有作用。这一尝试在某种程度上说明了硫酸根、硝酸根和氯离子作为伴随离子在用于制造太阳能电池以获得预期结果的主要盐类中的作用。此外，该研究还证实了这些离子相互比较的基本机制。例如，在制造太阳能电池时，硫酸根、硝酸根和氯离子可以根据某些金属在元素周期表中的位置来比较这些金属电沉积的最终结果。从IB族到IIB族，在相当高的电压下，Cu和Zn沉积物的厚度或原子组成可以增加，而对于Ga和In沉积物，从IIIA族的顶部到底部可以增加。
