Diwan Arvind D, Harke Sanjay N, Panche Archana N
Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE, Deemed University), ICAR, Mumbai, India.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2022 Mar;106(2):441-469. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13619. Epub 2021 Aug 6.
The microbiome actually deals with micro-organisms that are associated with indigenous body parts and the entire gut system in all animals, including human beings. These microbes are linked with roles involving hereditary traits, defence against diseases and strengthening overall immunity, which determines the health status of an organism. Considerable efforts have been made to find out the microbiome diversity and their taxonomic identification in finfish and shellfish and its importance has been correlated with various physiological functions and activities. In recent past due to the availability of advanced molecular tools, some efforts have also been made on DNA sequencing of these microbes to understand the environmental impact and other stress factors on their genomic structural profile. There are reports on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, including amplicon and shot-gun approaches, and associated bioinformatics tools to count and classify commensal microbiome at the species level. The microbiome present in the whole body, particularly in the gut systems of finfish and shellfish, not only contributes to digestion but also has an impact on nutrition, growth, reproduction, immune system and vulnerability of the host fish to diseases. Therefore, the study of such microbial communities is highly relevant for the development of new and innovative bio-products which will be a vital source to build bio and pharmaceutical industries, including aquaculture. In recent years, attempts have been made to discover the chemical ingredients present in these microbes in the form of biomolecules/bioactive compounds with their functions and usefulness for various health benefits, particularly for the treatment of different types of disorders in animals. Therefore, it has been speculated that microbiomes hold great promise not only as a cure for ailments but also as a preventive measure for the number of infectious diseases. This kind of exploration of new breeds of microbes with their miraculous ingredients will definitely help to accelerate the development of the drugs, pharmaceutical and other biological related industries. Probiotic research and bioinformatics skills will further escalate these opportunities in the sector. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on the finfish and shellfish microbiome, their diversity and functional properties, relationship with diseases, health status, data on species-specific metagenomics, probiotic research and bioinformatics skills. Further, emphasis has also been made to carry out microbiome research on priority basis not only to keep healthy environment of the fish farming sector but also for the sustainable growth of biological related industries, including aquaculture.
微生物群实际上涉及与包括人类在内的所有动物的身体固有部位及整个肠道系统相关的微生物。这些微生物与遗传特征、疾病防御和增强整体免疫力等作用相关联，而这些决定了生物体的健康状况。人们已付出巨大努力来探究硬骨鱼和贝类中的微生物群多样性及其分类鉴定，并且其重要性已与各种生理功能和活动相关联。在最近，由于先进分子工具的出现，人们也在对这些微生物进行DNA测序方面做出了一些努力，以了解环境影响和其他应激因素对其基因组结构概况的作用。有关于使用包括扩增子和鸟枪法在内的下一代测序（NGS）技术以及相关生物信息学工具在物种水平上对共生微生物群进行计数和分类的报道。存在于整个身体中，特别是硬骨鱼和贝类肠道系统中的微生物群，不仅有助于消化，而且对营养、生长、繁殖、免疫系统以及宿主鱼对疾病的易感性都有影响。因此，研究此类微生物群落对于开发新的和创新的生物产品高度相关，而这些生物产品将是建立生物和制药行业（包括水产养殖）的重要来源。近年来，人们已尝试发现这些微生物中以生物分子/生物活性化合物形式存在的化学成分及其功能以及对各种健康益处的有用性，特别是用于治疗动物的不同类型疾病。因此，据推测，微生物群不仅作为疾病的治疗方法而且作为多种传染病的预防措施都具有巨大潜力。这种对具有神奇成分的新型微生物的探索肯定将有助于加速药物、制药和其他生物相关产业的发展。益生菌研究和生物信息学技能将进一步提升该领域的这些机会。在本综述中，已努力收集有关硬骨鱼和贝类微生物群、其多样性和功能特性、与疾病的关系、健康状况、物种特异性宏基因组学数据、益生菌研究和生物信息学技能的全面信息。此外，还强调不仅要优先开展微生物群研究以保持养鱼业的健康环境，而且要促进包括水产养殖在内的生物相关产业的可持续发展。
