Kim Tae Ho, Han Joung Kyue, Lee Ji Young, Choi Yong Chul
Department of Health Science, Sports for All, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Korea.
College of Sports Science, Chung-ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Jul 6;9(7):851. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9070851.
This study aimed to analyze the effect of 12 weeks of polarized training on body composition, cardiorespiratory function, and upper-body power of male and female cross-country skiers during the general preparation period. A total of 16 national cross-country skiers (8 male and 8 female; 8 national cross-country skiers and 8 national biathlon athletes) participated. Polarization training was conducted for 12 weeks from May to July in 2019 during the general preparation period for cross-country skiers. The low-weight, high-repetition method was used for strength training. The effect of the polarized training on body composition, maximum oxygen intake (VOmax), respiratory exchange rate, all-out time, and ski ergometer exercise time was assessed. There was no change in weight, BMI, and muscle mass in male and female cross-country skiers following the 12 weeks of polarized training ( > 0.05). Male body fat percentage (pre 18.1%, post 12.7%) and female body fat percentage (pre 29.1%, post 21.4%) showed a significant decrease ( < 0.05). After training, VOmax increased by 7.72% in male athletes (pre 71.05 mL/kg/min, post 77.0 mL/kg/min) and 6.32% in female athletes (pre 60.26 mL/kg/min, post 64.33 mL/kg/min). Treadmill exercise time increased by 5.39% for male athletes (pre 1038 s, post 1064 s) and 2.23% for female athletes (pre 855 s, post 874 s). However, there was no significant difference between male and female athletes ( > 0.05). The 50% recovery time from the maximum heart rate to the target heart rate decreased by 64.52% in males (pre 168.8 s, post 102.6 s) and 6.48% in females (pre 135 s, post 129.6 s). Significant differences were found only in male athletes ( < 0.05). The double-pole 500 m exercise duration for the ski ergometer significantly decreased after the training for both sexes ( < 0.05). In this study, the 12 weeks of polarized training improved the body composition and athletic performance of all cross-country skiers. Interestingly, in this study, we confirmed that polarized training had a better effect on cardiorespiratory function in male cross-country skiers than in female cross-country skiers. Conversely, we found that the outcomes of the ski ergometer exercise factors were more effective in female athletes than in male athletes. Therefore, we insist that when applying a polarized training program to athletes, it should be planned in detail by sex, exercise amount, intensity, and type of training.
本研究旨在分析12周的极化训练对男女越野滑雪运动员在一般准备期的身体成分、心肺功能和上肢力量的影响。共有16名国家越野滑雪运动员（8名男性和8名女性；8名国家越野滑雪运动员和8名国家冬季两项运动员）参与。2019年5月至7月，在越野滑雪运动员的一般准备期进行了为期12周的极化训练。力量训练采用低重量、高重复次数的方法。评估了极化训练对身体成分、最大摄氧量（VOmax）、呼吸交换率、全力运动时间和滑雪测力计运动时间的影响。经过12周的极化训练后，男女越野滑雪运动员的体重、身体质量指数和肌肉质量均无变化（P>0.05）。男性体脂百分比（训练前18.1%，训练后12.7%）和女性体脂百分比（训练前29.1%，训练后21.4%）显著下降（P<0.05）。训练后，男性运动员的VOmax增加了7.72%（训练前71.05 mL/kg/min，训练后77.0 mL/kg/min），女性运动员增加了6.32%（训练前60.26 mL/kg/min，训练后64.33 mL/kg/min）。男性运动员跑步机运动时间增加了5.39%（训练前1038秒，训练后1064秒），女性运动员增加了2.23%（训练前855秒，训练后874秒）。然而，男女运动员之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。男性从最大心率恢复到目标心率的50%恢复时间下降了64.52%（训练前168.8秒，训练后102.6秒），女性下降了6.48%（训练前135秒，训练后129.6秒）。仅在男性运动员中发现显著差异（P<0.05）。训练后，男女滑雪测力计的双杖500米运动持续时间均显著缩短（P<0.05）。在本研究中，12周的极化训练改善了所有越野滑雪运动员的身体成分和运动表现。有趣的是，在本研究中，我们证实极化训练对男性越野滑雪运动员心肺功能的影响优于女性越野滑雪运动员。相反，我们发现滑雪测力计运动因素的结果在女性运动员中比在男性运动员中更有效。因此，我们坚持认为，在将极化训练计划应用于运动员时，应根据性别、运动量、强度和训练类型进行详细规划。
