Razzaq Ali, Kaur Parwinder, Akhter Naheed, Wani Shabir Hussain, Saleem Fozia
Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jul 21;12:620420. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620420. eCollection 2021.
Climate change is a threat to global food security due to the reduction of crop productivity around the globe. Food security is a matter of concern for stakeholders and policymakers as the global population is predicted to bypass 10 billion in the coming years. Crop improvement modern breeding techniques along with efficient agronomic practices innovations in microbiome applications, and exploiting the natural variations in underutilized crops is an excellent way forward to fulfill future food requirements. In this review, we describe the next-generation breeding tools that can be used to increase crop production by developing climate-resilient superior genotypes to cope with the future challenges of global food security. Recent innovations in genomic-assisted breeding (GAB) strategies allow the construction of highly annotated crop pan-genomes to give a snapshot of the full landscape of genetic diversity (GD) and recapture the lost gene repertoire of a species. Pan-genomes provide new platforms to exploit these unique genes or genetic variation for optimizing breeding programs. The advent of next-generation clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) systems, such as prime editing, base editing, and domestication, has institutionalized the idea that genome editing is revamped for crop improvement. Also, the availability of versatile Cas orthologs, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14, improved the editing efficiency. Now, the CRISPR/Cas systems have numerous applications in crop research and successfully edit the major crop to develop resistance against abiotic and biotic stress. By adopting high-throughput phenotyping approaches and big data analytics tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), agriculture is heading toward automation or digitalization. The integration of speed breeding with genomic and phenomic tools can allow rapid gene identifications and ultimately accelerate crop improvement programs. In addition, the integration of next-generation multidisciplinary breeding platforms can open exciting avenues to develop climate-ready crops toward global food security.
气候变化对全球粮食安全构成威胁，因为全球作物生产力正在下降。随着预计全球人口在未来几年将超过100亿，粮食安全成为利益相关者和政策制定者关注的问题。作物改良、现代育种技术、高效农艺实践、微生物组应用创新以及利用未充分利用作物的自然变异是满足未来粮食需求的一条绝佳途径。在本综述中，我们描述了下一代育种工具，这些工具可用于通过培育适应气候变化的优良基因型来提高作物产量，以应对全球粮食安全的未来挑战。基因组辅助育种（GAB）策略的最新创新使得构建高度注释的作物泛基因组成为可能，从而能够全面了解遗传多样性（GD）的全貌，并找回一个物种丢失的基因库。泛基因组为利用这些独特基因或遗传变异来优化育种计划提供了新平台。下一代成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列/CRISPR相关（CRISPR/Cas）系统的出现，如碱基编辑、碱基编辑和驯化，使基因组编辑用于作物改良的理念得到了完善。此外，多种Cas直系同源物的可用性，包括Cas9、Cas12、Cas13和Cas14，提高了编辑效率。现在，CRISPR/Cas系统在作物研究中有众多应用，并成功编辑了主要作物以培育对非生物和生物胁迫的抗性。通过采用高通量表型分析方法以及人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）等大数据分析工具，农业正朝着自动化或数字化方向发展。将快速育种与基因组和表型组工具相结合，可以实现快速基因鉴定，并最终加速作物改良计划。此外，整合下一代多学科育种平台可以为培育适应气候变化的作物以实现全球粮食安全开辟令人兴奋的途径。
