Carnino Jonathan M, Hao Kwok Zhi, Jin Yang
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, United States.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 23;8:661679. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.661679. eCollection 2021.
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells which play a well-known role in cell to cell communication. The most update to date nomenclature categorizes extracellular vesicles based on their relative size, protein markers, and/or the cell type of origin. Extracellular vesicles can be isolated from biological fluids using a variety of methods, including but not limited to, ultrafiltration, size-exclusion chromatography, differential ultracentrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, precipitation-based methods, and immunoaffinity capture. These nanovesicles carry distinct "cargo," made up of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and protein, which is delivered to nearby target cells. The "cargo" profile carried by extracellular vesicles is critical in their role of communication and resembles the physiological status of the cell they originated from. For the purpose of this review, we will focus on the miRNA cargo. Extracellular vesicle-miRNA profiles hold the potential to be used in diagnostic panels for a variety of diseases through a novel method known as "liquid biopsy." In addition to this, extracellular vesicles may serve as a potential method to deliver drugs to specific cells within the body. This mini-review provides background into what extracellular vesicles are, methods of isolating these nanoparticles, their potential use as a biomarker and drug delivery system for precision medicine, and a summary of the current literature covering the role of some extracellular vesicle-cargo's in various pulmonary diseases.
细胞外囊泡是细胞分泌的膜结合纳米颗粒，在细胞间通讯中发挥着众所周知的作用。最新的命名法根据细胞外囊泡的相对大小、蛋白质标志物和/或起源细胞类型对其进行分类。可以使用多种方法从生物流体中分离细胞外囊泡，包括但不限于超滤、尺寸排阻色谱、差速超速离心、密度梯度离心、基于沉淀的方法和免疫亲和捕获。这些纳米囊泡携带由核酸、脂质和蛋白质等生物分子组成的独特“货物”，并传递给附近的靶细胞。细胞外囊泡携带的“货物”特征在其通讯作用中至关重要，并且类似于它们起源细胞的生理状态。出于本综述的目的，我们将重点关注miRNA货物。细胞外囊泡-miRNA谱有可能通过一种称为“液体活检”的新方法用于多种疾病的诊断面板。除此之外，细胞外囊泡可能是一种将药物递送至体内特定细胞的潜在方法。本综述提供了关于细胞外囊泡是什么、分离这些纳米颗粒的方法、它们作为精准医学的生物标志物和药物递送系统的潜在用途，以及当前涵盖一些细胞外囊泡货物在各种肺部疾病中作用的文献综述。
