Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology - IBE, LMU Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany.
Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, LMU Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany.
J Travel Med. 2021 Oct 11;28(7). doi: 10.1093/jtm/taab123.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: International travel measures to contain the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represent a relatively intrusive form of non-pharmaceutical intervention. To inform decision-making on the (re)implementation, adaptation, relaxation or suspension of such measures, it is essential to not only assess their effectiveness but also their unintended effects.
This scoping review maps existing empirical studies on the unintended consequences, both predicted and unforeseen, and beneficial or harmful, of international travel measures. We searched multiple health, non-health and COVID-19-specific databases. The evidence was charted in a map in relation to the study design, intervention and outcome categories identified and discussed narratively.
Twenty-three studies met our inclusion criteria-nine quasi-experimental, two observational, two mathematical modelling, six qualitative and four mixed-methods studies. Studies addressed different population groups across various countries worldwide. Seven studies provided information on unintended consequences of the closure of national borders, six looked at international travel restrictions and three investigated mandatory quarantine of international travellers. No studies looked at entry and/or exit screening at national borders exclusively, however six studies considered this intervention in combination with other international travel measures. In total, 11 studies assessed various combinations of the aforementioned interventions. The outcomes were mostly referred to by the authors as harmful. Fifteen studies identified a variety of economic consequences, six reported on aspects related to quality of life, well-being, and mental health and five on social consequences. One study each provided information on equity, equality, and the fair distribution of benefits and burdens, environmental consequences and health system consequences.
This scoping review represents the first step towards a systematic assessment of the unintended benefits and harms of international travel measures during COVID-19. The key research gaps identified might be filled with targeted primary research, as well as the additional consideration of gray literature and non-empirical studies.
背景/目的：为控制 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行而采取的国际旅行措施代表了一种相对具侵入性的非药物干预形式。为了为这些措施的（重新）实施、调整、放宽或暂停提供决策依据，不仅必须评估其效果，还要评估其意外影响。
本范围界定审查旨在绘制现有关于国际旅行措施的意外后果（可预见和不可预见的）、有益或有害的预测和意外后果的实证研究。我们搜索了多个卫生、非卫生和 COVID-19 特定数据库。根据确定的研究设计、干预和结果类别，将证据绘制在地图上，并进行了叙述性讨论。
符合纳入标准的研究有 23 项，其中 9 项为准实验研究、2 项观察性研究、2 项数学建模研究、6 项定性研究和 4 项混合方法研究。研究涉及全球不同国家的不同人群。有 7 项研究提供了关于关闭国界的意外后果的信息，6 项研究调查了国际旅行限制，3 项研究调查了对国际旅行者的强制性检疫。没有研究专门研究国家边界的入境和/或出境筛查，但是有 6 项研究将这种干预措施与其他国际旅行措施结合起来考虑。总共，有 11 项研究评估了上述干预措施的各种组合。结果大多被作者称为有害。15 项研究确定了各种经济后果，6 项研究报告了与生活质量、福利和心理健康相关的方面，5 项研究报告了社会后果。一项研究提供了有关公平、平等以及利益和负担公平分配、环境后果和卫生系统后果的信息。
本范围界定审查是对 COVID-19 期间国际旅行措施的意外收益和危害进行系统评估的第一步。确定的主要研究空白可能通过有针对性的初级研究填补，以及对灰色文献和非实证研究的额外考虑。
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