Bayesian Sequential Monitoring of Single-Arm Trials: A Comparison of Futility Rules Based on Binary Data.

In clinical trials, futility rules are widely used to monitor the study while it is in progress, with the aim of ensuring early termination if the experimental treatment is unlikely to provide the desired level of efficacy. In this paper, we focus on Bayesian strategies to perform interim analyses in single-arm trials based on a binary response variable. Designs that exploit both posterior and predictive probabilities are described and a slight modification of the futility rules is introduced when a fixed historical response rate is used, in order to add uncertainty in the efficacy probability of the standard treatment through the use of prior distributions. The stopping boundaries of the designs are compared under the same trial settings and simulation studies are performed to evaluate the operating characteristics when analogous procedures are used to calibrate the probability cut-offs of the different decision rules.