Sukhova Ekaterina, Sukhov Vladimir
Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
Plants (Basel). 2021 Aug 19;10(8):1704. doi: 10.3390/plants10081704.
In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities of ion channels and H-ATP-ase in the plasma membrane. They influence numerous physiological processes, including gene expression, phytohormone synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, phloem mass flow, ATP content, and many others. It is considered that these changes increase plant tolerance to the action of stressors; the effect can be related to stimulation of damages of specific molecular structures. In this review, we hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with ESs. There are the following points supporting this hypothesis. (i) Propagation of ESs can be related to ROS waves; these waves are a probable mechanism of PCD initiation. (ii) ESs induce the inactivation of photosynthetic dark reactions and activation of respiration. Both responses can also produce ROS and, probably, induce PCD. (iii) ESs stimulate the synthesis of stress phytohormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene) which are known to contribute to the induction of PCD. (iv) Generation of ESs accompanies K efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a mechanism of induction of PCD. Our review argues for the possibility of PCD induction by electrical signals and shows some directions of future investigations in the field.
在环境条件下，植物会受到非生物和生物胁迫因子的影响，这些胁迫因子可能是异质性的。这意味着植物对其作用的系统性适应性反应需要包括电信号（ESs）在内的长距离胁迫信号。电信号基于质膜中离子通道和H-ATP酶活性的瞬时变化。它们影响众多生理过程，包括基因表达、植物激素合成、光合作用、呼吸作用、韧皮部物质流、ATP含量等等。据认为，这些变化会增加植物对胁迫因子作用的耐受性；这种效应可能与特定分子结构损伤的刺激有关。在本综述中，我们假设植物细胞中的程序性细胞死亡（PCD）可能与电信号相互关联。有以下几点支持这一假设。（i）电信号的传播可能与活性氧（ROS）波有关；这些波是PCD启动的一种可能机制。（ii）电信号诱导光合暗反应失活和呼吸作用激活。这两种反应也都能产生活性氧，并且可能诱导PCD。（iii）电信号刺激胁迫植物激素（如茉莉酸、水杨酸和乙烯）的合成，已知这些激素有助于诱导PCD。（iv）电信号的产生伴随着钾离子从细胞质外流，这也是诱导PCD的一种机制。我们的综述论证了电信号诱导PCD的可能性，并展示了该领域未来研究的一些方向。
