Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2ZD, Scotland.
Virchows Arch. 2022 Jan;480(1):85-93. doi: 10.1007/s00428-021-03190-7. Epub 2021 Aug 30.
Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer but the incidence has increased worldwide. Risk factors include increased longevity, obesity, testicular diseases and tumours, and germline mutations of BRCA2. BRCA2 carriers have 80 times the risk of the general population. Men generally present with breast cancer at an older age compared with women. Histologically, MBC is often of grade 2, hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, and no special type carcinoma although in situ and invasive papillary carcinomas are common. Reporting and staging are similar to female breast cancer. Metastatic lesions to the male breast do occur and should be differentiated from primary carcinomas. Until recently, MBC was thought to be similar to the usual ER positive post-menopausal female counterpart. However, advances in MBC research and trials have highlighted significant differences between the two. This review provides an up to date overview of the biology, genetics, and histology of MBC with comparison to female breast cancers and differential diagnosis from histological mimics.
男性乳腺癌（MBC）较为罕见，占所有乳腺癌的比例不足 1%，但全球发病率呈上升趋势。MBC 的发病风险因素包括寿命延长、肥胖、睾丸疾病和肿瘤，以及 BRCA2 种系突变。BRCA2 携带者的发病风险比普通人群高 80 倍。与女性相比，男性通常在较晚的年龄出现乳腺癌。组织学上，MBC 通常为 2 级，激素受体阳性，HER2 阴性，无特殊类型癌，但原位和浸润性乳头状癌常见。MBC 的报告和分期与女性乳腺癌相似。男性乳房的转移性病变确实存在，应与原发性癌相鉴别。直到最近，人们还认为 MBC 与绝经后常见的 ER 阳性女性乳腺癌相似。然而，MBC 研究和试验的进展凸显了两者之间的显著差异。本文综述了 MBC 的生物学、遗传学和组织学特征，与女性乳腺癌进行了比较，并对组织学类似物进行了鉴别诊断。
