Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China.
Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021 Oct;8(20):e2102789. doi: 10.1002/advs.202102789. Epub 2021 Aug 31.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a new source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy because of their wide presence in most body fluids and their ability to load cargoes from disease-related cells. Owing to the crucial role of EVs in disease diagnosis and treatment, significant efforts have been made to isolate, detect, and analyze EVs with high efficiency. A recent overview of advanced EV detection nanotechnologies is discussed here. First, several key challenges in EV-based liquid biopsies are introduced. Then, the related pivotal advances in nanotechnologies for EV isolation based on physical features, chemical affinity, and the combination of nanostructures and chemical affinity are summarized. Next, a summary of high-sensitivity sensors for EV detection and advanced approaches for single EV detection are provided. Later, EV analysis is introduced in practical clinical scenarios, and the application of machine learning in this field is highlighted. Finally, future opportunities for the development of next-generation nanotechnologies for EV detection are presented.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）作为液体活检中一种新的生物标志物来源而备受关注，因为它们广泛存在于大多数体液中，并且能够从与疾病相关的细胞中装载货物。由于 EVs 在疾病诊断和治疗中的关键作用，人们已经做出了巨大的努力来高效地分离、检测和分析 EVs。本文综述了先进的 EV 检测纳米技术。首先，介绍了基于 EV 的液体活检中存在的几个关键挑战。然后，总结了基于物理特征、化学亲和力以及纳米结构与化学亲和力结合的 EV 分离的相关关键纳米技术进展。接下来，提供了用于 EV 检测的高灵敏度传感器和用于单 EV 检测的先进方法的概述。之后，介绍了 EV 在实际临床场景中的分析，并强调了机器学习在该领域的应用。最后，提出了用于 EV 检测的下一代纳米技术的未来发展机遇。
