University of Liège, Department of environmental sciences and management, Arlon, Campus, Belgium.
INERIS UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Dec 1;225:112727. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112727. Epub 2021 Sep 1.
The potential health risks associated with the pharmaceuticals released into the environment through effluents from sewage treatment plants have become a major cause for concern. Owing to the lack of effective indicators, monitoring the concentration of these pollutants in the aquatic environment is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of a mixture of five pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, irbesartan, and naproxen) using the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica as a bioindicator and bioaccumulator. We examined the effects of the drug mixture on the cellular antioxidant system, chlorophyll content, and morphological traits of F. antipyretica. The plant was exposed for 5 months to three concentrations of the mixture, including the environmental concentration (MX1), and 10- (MX10) and 100-times (MX100) the environmental concentration. The results showed that only carbamazepine and irbesartan were accumulated by the species. The bioconcentration level increased with exposure time, with the maximum uptake at the 4th month of exposure. The increase in bioaccumulation with exposure time was more evident in plants exposed to MX100. Analysis of the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.) were highly sensitive to the drug mixture. The activity of the enzymes was significantly higher in plants exposed to MX100; however, the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7.) was not significantly affected. Plants exposed to MX10 and MX100 had significantly lower total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio compared with those of plants in the control group; however, photosynthetic activity was restored after 5 months of exposure. The morphological characteristics of F. antipyretica were less sensitive to the treatment conditions.
环境污水处理厂排放的污水中释放的药物对健康造成的潜在风险已成为一个主要关注点。由于缺乏有效的指标，监测这些污染物在水生环境中的浓度具有挑战性。本研究旨在使用水生苔藓 Fontinalis antipyretica 作为生物指示剂和生物蓄积剂来评估五种药物（扑热息痛、卡马西平、双氯芬酸、厄贝沙坦和萘普生）混合物的毒性。我们研究了药物混合物对苔藓细胞抗氧化系统、叶绿素含量和形态特征的影响。将植物暴露于三种混合物浓度下（环境浓度 MX1、环境浓度的 10 倍 MX10 和 100 倍 MX100），持续 5 个月。结果表明，只有卡马西平和厄贝沙坦被该物种积累。生物浓缩水平随暴露时间增加而增加，在暴露第 4 个月时达到最大值。在暴露于 MX100 的植物中，生物积累随暴露时间的增加更为明显。抗氧化酶活性分析表明，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD，EC 1.15.1.1.）和过氧化氢酶（CAT，EC 1.11.1.6.）对药物混合物高度敏感。暴露于 MX100 的植物中，这些酶的活性明显更高；然而，愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX，EC 1.11.1.7.）的活性没有明显受到影响。与对照组相比，暴露于 MX10 和 MX100 的植物的总叶绿素含量和叶绿素 a/b 比值明显较低；然而，暴露 5 个月后，光合作用活性得到恢复。苔藓 Fontinalis antipyretica 的形态特征对处理条件的敏感性较低。
