Neural Control of Movement Lab, HEST, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 4;11(1):457. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01575-5.
In the past decade, the idea that single populations of neurons support cognition and behavior has gradually given way to the realization that connectivity matters and that complex behavior results from interactions between remote yet anatomically connected areas that form specialized networks. In parallel, innovation in brain imaging techniques has led to the availability of a broad set of imaging tools to characterize the functional organization of complex networks. However, each of these tools poses significant technical challenges and faces limitations, which require careful consideration of their underlying anatomical, physiological, and physical specificity. In this review, we focus on emerging methods for measuring spontaneous or evoked activity in the brain. We discuss methods that can measure large-scale brain activity (directly or indirectly) with a relatively high temporal resolution, from milliseconds to seconds. We further focus on methods designed for studying the mammalian brain in preclinical models, specifically in mice and rats. This field has seen a great deal of innovation in recent years, facilitated by concomitant innovation in gene-editing techniques and the possibility of more invasive recordings. This review aims to give an overview of currently available preclinical imaging methods and an outlook on future developments. This information is suitable for educational purposes and for assisting scientists in choosing the appropriate method for their own research question.
在过去的十年中，单一神经元群体支持认知和行为的观点逐渐让位于这样一种认识，即连接很重要，复杂的行为是由远程但解剖上连接的区域之间的相互作用形成的专门网络产生的。与此同时，脑成像技术的创新使得一系列广泛的成像工具得以用于描述复杂网络的功能组织。然而，这些工具中的每一种都存在重大的技术挑战和局限性，这需要仔细考虑它们的解剖学、生理学和物理特性。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍用于测量大脑自发或诱发活动的新兴方法。我们讨论了可以以相对较高的时间分辨率（从毫秒到秒）直接或间接地测量大脑大范围活动的方法。我们进一步将重点放在专门为研究临床前模型（特别是小鼠和大鼠）中的哺乳动物大脑而设计的方法上。近年来，基因编辑技术的创新以及更具侵入性记录的可能性，推动了这一领域的大量创新。本综述旨在概述目前可用的临床前成像方法，并展望未来的发展。这些信息适合教育目的，并有助于科学家选择适合自己研究问题的方法。
