Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616.
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616.
J Dairy Sci. 2021 Nov;104(11):12164-12172. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-20593. Epub 2021 Sep 3.
Retained fetal membranes (RFM), dystocia, and twinning are common postpartum events that increase the risk of metritis, impair reproductive performance, and contribute to antimicrobial use on dairies. The overall objective of this study was to describe treatment decisions after RFM, severe dystocia (cesarean section and fetotomy), nonsevere dystocia (nonmechanical and mechanical assistance to extract the calf), and twinning. A total of 44 dairies from California's San Joaquin Valley (39 Holstein and 6 Jersey or crossbreed herds) with 450 to 9,500 lactating cows were enrolled in this study. Researchers visited each dairy once to observe cow-side fresh cow health evaluations and to interview health evaluators and maternity workers, using a standardized survey tool. The survey included questions about antimicrobial (class, dose, and duration) and nonantimicrobial therapies for calving-related events. Antimicrobial therapy was used in all 44 dairies to treat RFM at 24 (n = 23), 48 (n = 10), or 72 h (n = 5) after calving, or when puerperal metritis signs were observed (n = 6). Antimicrobial therapy was used after all severe dystocia cases, and after nonsevere dystocia (n = 27) and twinning (n = 15). Ceftiofur products were the most common antimicrobial class; they were used to treat RFM cases (n = 29), nonsevere dystocia (n = 13), and twinning (n = 10). Supportive therapy for calving-related events included nonantimicrobial intrauterine treatments, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, oxytocin, i.v. calcium, or oral drenches. Our study highlights opportunities to reduce extra-label use of antimicrobials in postpartum cows affected with RFM, and the need for education and outreach efforts on judicious use of antimicrobials. Furthermore, antimicrobial treatment choices differed largely across dairies, indicating a need to reach consensus and promote standardized practices within the industry.
胎衣不下（RFM）、难产和双胎是常见的产后事件，会增加子宫炎的风险，降低繁殖性能，并导致奶牛场抗生素的使用增加。本研究的总体目标是描述胎衣不下、严重难产（剖腹产和胎头切开术）、非严重难产（非机械和机械助产）和双胎的治疗决策。本研究共纳入加利福尼亚州圣华金谷的 44 个奶牛场（39 个荷斯坦奶牛场和 6 个泽西或杂交奶牛场），共有 450 至 9500 头泌乳牛。研究人员每次访问每个奶牛场，观察奶牛场新鲜奶牛的健康评估，并使用标准化调查工具对健康评估员和产科工人进行访谈。该调查包括与分娩相关事件的抗生素（类别、剂量和持续时间）和非抗生素治疗的问题。所有 44 个奶牛场均使用抗生素治疗胎衣不下，产后 24 小时（n = 23）、48 小时（n = 10）或 72 小时（n = 5），或出现产褥期子宫炎症状时（n = 6）。所有严重难产病例、非严重难产（n = 27）和双胎（n = 15）后均使用抗生素治疗。头孢噻呋产品是最常见的抗生素类别；它们用于治疗胎衣不下病例（n = 29）、非严重难产（n = 13）和双胎（n = 10）。与分娩相关事件的支持性治疗包括非抗生素宫内治疗、非甾体抗炎药、催产素、静脉钙或口服灌洗。本研究强调了减少产后受胎衣不下影响的奶牛抗生素的标签外使用的机会，以及在合理使用抗生素方面进行教育和推广的必要性。此外，抗生素治疗选择在不同奶牛场之间存在很大差异，表明需要在行业内达成共识并促进标准化实践。
