Schmid Julia, Imbach Lars, Klaperski Sandra, Sudeck Gorden
Department of Sport Psychology and Research Methods, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Aug 16;3:706467. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.706467. eCollection 2021.
The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential psychological mechanism of green exercise on perceived stress. More precisely, it was analyzed whether the relationship between the natural environment of physical activity and perceived stress was mediated by recovery experiences, namely by psychological detachment and relaxation. An ecological momentary assessment approach was used, meaning that specific recovery experiences were assessed directly in real-life situations and multiple times. Thirty five women and 27 men took part in the ecological momentary assessment study over seven days ( = 32.30 years, = 10.23, 53% had a degree from a university or a university of applied science). If participants were involved in PA lasting at least 10 min on a given day, they had to answer questionnaires on the smartphone both prior to the activity and immediately afterwards. Perceived naturalness, psychological detachment and relaxation were assessed after physical activity events, whereas perceived stress was measured before and after each physical activity event. A two-level mediation analysis was conducted. The direct and indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress after engagement in physical activity was analyzed on the within- and between-person levels. Results showed that the relaxation as a recovery experience served as mediator between perceived naturalness and perceived stress after engagement in physical activity, but only on a within-person level. This means that the more natural a given individual appraised the physical activity environment, the more relaxed he or she felt during physical activity (β = 22, < 0.0005). Furthermore the more relaxed the individual was, the less stress he or she perceived after exercising (β = -0.221, < 0.0005). The psychological detachment as a recovery experience in contrast, did not serve as mediator, neither at the within- and the between-person level. Considering the indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress and the importance of relaxation experiences, current findings suggest that research should put greater emphasis on examining the specific psychological mechanisms of green exercise to make even better use of its beneficial effects in the future.
本研究的目的是探究绿色运动对感知压力的潜在心理机制。更确切地说，分析了体育活动的自然环境与感知压力之间的关系是否由恢复体验介导，即通过心理脱离和放松来介导。采用了生态瞬时评估方法，这意味着在现实生活情境中直接且多次评估特定的恢复体验。35名女性和27名男性参与了为期七天的生态瞬时评估研究（平均年龄 = 32.30岁，标准差 = 10.23，53%拥有大学或应用科学大学学位）。如果参与者在某一天参与了至少10分钟的体育活动，他们必须在活动前和活动后立即通过智能手机回答问卷。在体育活动事件后评估感知自然度、心理脱离和放松程度，而在每次体育活动事件前后测量感知压力。进行了两级中介分析。在个体内和个体间层面分析了参与体育活动后感知自然度对感知压力的直接和间接影响。结果表明，作为恢复体验的放松在参与体育活动后作为感知自然度和感知压力之间的中介，但仅在个体内层面。这意味着个体对体育活动环境的评价越自然，他或她在体育活动期间感觉越放松（β = 22，p < 0.0005）。此外，个体越放松，运动后感知到的压力就越小（β = -0.221，p < 0.0005）。相比之下，作为恢复体验的心理脱离在个体内和个体间层面均未起到中介作用。考虑到感知自然度对感知压力的间接影响以及放松体验的重要性，当前研究结果表明，未来研究应更加强调考察绿色运动的具体心理机制，以便更好地利用其有益效果。
