Sudeck Gorden, Schmid Julia, Conzelmann Achim
Institute of Sport Science, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany.
Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland.
Front Psychol. 2016 Jun 16;7:900. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00900. eCollection 2016.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise experiences (perceptions of competence, perceived exertion, acute affective responses to exercise) and affective attitudes toward exercise. This relationship was analyzed in a non-laboratory setting during a 13-weeks exercise program.
56 women and 49 men (aged 35-65 years; M age = 50.0 years; SD = 8.2 years) took part in the longitudinal study. Affective responses to exercise (affective valence, positive activation, calmness) as well as perceptions of competence and perceived exertion were measured at the beginning, during, and end of three exercise sessions within the 13-weeks exercise program. Affective attitude toward exercise were measured before and at the end of the exercise program. A two-level path analysis was conducted. The direct and indirect effects of exercise experiences on changes in affective attitude were analyzed on the between-person level: firstly, it was tested whether perceptions of competence and perceived exertion directly relate to changes in affective attitude. Secondly, it was assessed whether perceptions of competence and perceived exertion indirectly relate to changes in affective attitudes-imparted via the affective response during exercise.
At the between-person level, a direct effect on changes in affective attitude was found for perceptions of competence (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). The model revealed one significant indirect pathway between perceived exertion and changes in affective attitude via positive activation: on average, the less strenuous people perceive physical exercise to be, the more awake they will feel during exercise (β = -0.57, p < 0.05). Those people with higher average levels of positive activation during exercise exhibit more improvements in affective attitudes toward exercise from the beginning to the end of the 13-weeks exercise program (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). Main study results have revealed that in situ experiences predicted changes in affective attitude during multi-week exercise programs. These relevant in situ experiences encompass cognitive factors, the sensation of interoceptive cues, and affective responses to exercise. Considering the predictive role of affective attitudes for exercise behavior, these findings suggest that exercise interventions should put greater emphasis on specific exercise experiences.
本研究旨在探讨运动体验（能力感知、感知运动强度、对运动的急性情感反应）与对运动的情感态度之间的关系。在一项为期13周的运动计划的非实验室环境中对这种关系进行了分析。
56名女性和49名男性（年龄35 - 65岁；平均年龄 = 50.0岁；标准差 = 8.2岁）参与了这项纵向研究。在为期13周的运动计划中的三次运动课程开始、进行期间和结束时，测量了对运动的情感反应（情感效价、积极激活、平静程度）以及能力感知和感知运动强度。在运动计划开始前和结束时测量了对运动的情感态度。进行了二级路径分析。在个体间水平上分析了运动体验对情感态度变化的直接和间接影响：首先，测试能力感知和感知运动强度是否直接与情感态度的变化相关。其次，评估能力感知和感知运动强度是否通过运动期间的情感反应间接与情感态度的变化相关。
在个体间水平上，发现能力感知对情感态度的变化有直接影响（β = 0.24，p < 0.05）。该模型揭示了感知运动强度与通过积极激活产生的情感态度变化之间的一条显著间接路径：平均而言，人们感知到的体育锻炼强度越小，他们在运动过程中感觉越清醒（β = -0.57，p < 0.05）。在为期13周的运动计划开始到结束期间，那些在运动过程中平均积极激活水平较高的人对运动的情感态度有更大改善（β = 0.24，p < 0.05）。主要研究结果表明，现场体验可预测多周运动计划期间情感态度的变化。这些相关的现场体验包括认知因素、内感受线索的感觉以及对运动的情感反应。考虑到情感态度对运动行为的预测作用，这些发现表明运动干预应更加强调特定的运动体验。
