Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi Di Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Italy.
Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica E Malattie Infettive, "Sapienza" Università di Roma - Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
Parasit Vectors. 2021 Sep 8;14(1):461. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04973-2.
BACKGROUND: Leishmania tarentolae is a protozoan isolated from geckoes (Tarentola annularis, Tarentola mauritanica), which is considered non-pathogenic and is transmitted by herpetophilic Sergentomyia spp. sand flies. This species occurs in sympatry with Leishmania infantum in areas where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. In the present study, we investigated the circulation of L. tarentolae and L. infantum in sand flies, dogs and lizards in a dog shelter in southern Italy, where canine leishmaniasis by L. infantum is endemic. METHODS: Sheltered dogs (n = 100) negative for Leishmania spp. (March 2020) were screened by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using promastigotes of both species at two time points (June 2020 and March 2021). Whole blood from dogs, tissues of Podarcis siculus lizards (n = 28) and sand flies (n = 2306) were also sampled and tested by a duplex real-time PCR (dqPCR). Host blood meal was assessed in sand flies by PCR. RESULTS: Overall, 16 dogs became positive for L. infantum and/or L. tarentolae by IFAT at one or both sampling periods. One canine blood sample was positive for L. infantum, whilst two for L. tarentolae by dqPCR. At the cytology of lizard blood, Leishmania spp. amastigote-like forms were detected in erythrocytes. Twenty-two tissue samples, mostly lung (21.4%), scored molecularly positive for L. tarentolae, corresponding to 10 lizards (i.e., 35.7%). Of the female Sergentomyia minuta sampled (n = 1252), 158 scored positive for L. tarentolae, four for L. infantum, and one co-infected. Two Phlebotomus perniciosus (out of 29 females) were positive for L. tarentolae. Engorged S. minuta (n = 10) fed on humans, and one P. perniciosus, positive for L. tarentolae, on lagomorphs. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs and lacertid lizards (Podarcis siculus) were herein found for the first time infected by L. tarentolae. The detection of both L. tarentolae and L. infantum in S. minuta and P. perniciosus suggests their sympatric circulation, with a potential overlap in vertebrate hosts. The interactions between L. tarentolae and L. infantum should be further investigated in both vectors and vertebrate hosts to understand the potential implications for the diagnosis and control of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas.
背景：利什曼原虫（Leishmania tarentolae）是一种从壁虎（Tarentola annularis、Tarentola mauritanica）中分离出来的原生动物，被认为是非致病性的，通过嗜热的沙蝇属（Sergentomyia）传播。该物种与利什曼原虫（Leishmania infantum）在犬利什曼病流行地区共存。在本研究中，我们研究了意大利南部一个犬舍中沙蝇、犬和蜥蜴体内利什曼原虫和利什曼原虫的循环，该犬舍中犬利什曼病由利什曼原虫引起。
方法：2020 年 3 月，对 100 只无利什曼原虫（Leishmania spp.）的收容犬（n=100）进行了两次免疫荧光抗体试验（IFAT）筛查，使用了两种物种的前鞭毛体。还对 28 只 Podarcis siculus 蜥蜴（n=28）和 2306 只沙蝇（n=2306）的全血进行了双实时 PCR（dqPCR）检测。通过 PCR 检测沙蝇的宿主血液餐。
结果：总体而言，16 只犬在一次或两次采样期间通过 IFAT 对利什曼原虫和/或利什曼原虫呈阳性。一只犬血样对利什曼原虫呈阳性，而两只对利什曼原虫呈阳性 dqPCR。在蜥蜴血的细胞学检查中，在红细胞中检测到利什曼原虫无鞭毛体样形态。22 个组织样本，主要是肺（21.4%），分子上对利什曼原虫呈阳性，对应 10 只蜥蜴（即 35.7%）。在采集的 1252 只雌性 Sergentomyia minuta 中，有 158 只对利什曼原虫呈阳性，4 只对利什曼原虫呈阳性，1 只混合感染。两只采自 29 只雌性中的 Phlebotomus perniciosus（Phlebotomus perniciosus）对利什曼原虫呈阳性。10 只饱食的 Sergentomyia minuta（n=10）吸食人类血液，1 只 P.perniciosus 吸食兔形目动物血液，对利什曼原虫呈阳性。
结论：本研究首次发现犬和蜥蜴（Podarcis siculus）感染利什曼原虫。在 Sergentomyia minuta 和 Phlebotomus perniciosus 中同时检测到利什曼原虫和利什曼原虫，表明它们的共生循环，可能与脊椎动物宿主重叠。应进一步研究利什曼原虫和利什曼原虫在两种媒介和脊椎动物宿主中的相互作用，以了解其对流行地区犬利什曼病诊断和控制的潜在影响。
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