Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Cricket South Africa, Northlands, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Nov;22(11):1686-1694. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1979103. Epub 2021 Oct 3.
Overhead throwing by cricketers when fielding with different approaches has been described using two-dimensional analysis. Currently, the three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic characteristics of an overhead throw performed by cricketers following a run-up are unknown. Fifteen South African cricketers performed six overhead throws, from a stationary position and with a run-up over 15-20 m prior to fielding a ball, respectively. Kinematic data and ground reaction forces were collected throughout the throwing trials. Joint kinetics were calculated using inverse dynamics. An independent -test or Mann-Whitney -test was used to determine joint kinetic differences between throwing approaches. Differences between the kinematic waveforms for stationary and run-up throwing approaches were assessed using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping ANOVA ( < 0.05). The shoulder, elbow and thoraco-lumbar joints displayed similar kinematics between throwing approaches The run-up approach displayed increased hip flexion between 0-34% and 57-100% ((1, 28) = 6.726; = 0.01) of the throwing cycle; and lumbo-pelvic flexion between 57 and 65% ((1, 28) = 6.823; = 0.02) of the throwing cycle; greater shoulder compression ((1, 28) = 1.036; = 0.02) and posterior force ((1, 28) = 1.052; = 0.009) at maximum external rotation; yet less superior shoulder force ((1, 28) = 1.744; = 0.005) and elbow compression ((1, 28) = 4.331; = 0.03), superior ((1, 28) = 1.212; = 0.002) and medial ((1, 28) = 1.370; = 0.03) elbow forces at ball release, when compared to a stationary position. Cricketers maintain similar upper limb kinematics between overhead throwing approaches. However, throwing with a run-up approximately doubles the forces exerted on the shoulder at maximum external rotation, which is most likely caused by the greater dominant hip and lumbo-pelvic flexion noted. This may amplify the potential risk for shoulder injury when throwing.Throwing arm motion is similar irrespective of the approach used by cricketers to throw.Throwing with a run-up produced increased angles of lumbo-pelvic and dominant hip flexion in various phases of the throwing cycle.Throwing with a run-up resulted in greater shoulder compression and posterior force at maximum external rotation.
投球手在守备时以不同的方式进行头顶投掷已经通过二维分析进行了描述。目前，投球手在助跑后进行头顶投掷的三维运动学和动力学特征尚不清楚。15 名南非板球运动员分别从静止位置和在 15-20 米的助跑距离后进行了六次头顶投掷。在整个投掷试验过程中收集了运动学数据和地面反作用力。使用逆动力学计算关节动力学。使用独立样本 t 检验或曼-惠特尼 U 检验确定投掷方法之间的关节动力学差异。使用一维统计参数映射 ANOVA（ < 0.05）评估静止和助跑投掷方法之间的运动学波形差异。在投掷方法之间，肩部、肘部和胸腰椎关节的运动学相似。助跑方法在投掷周期的 0-34%和 57-100%（(1, 28) = 6.726； = 0.01）之间显示出更大的髋关节屈曲；在投掷周期的 57 和 65%（(1, 28) = 6.823； = 0.02）之间显示出更大的腰椎骨盆屈曲；在最大外展时显示出更大的肩部压缩力 ((1, 28) = 1.036； = 0.02) 和后向力 ((1, 28) = 1.052； = 0.009)；然而，在球释放时，肩部上方的力 ((1, 28) = 1.744； = 0.005) 和肘部压缩力 ((1, 28) = 4.331； = 0.03) 以及肘部上方的力 ((1, 28) = 1.212； = 0.002) 和内侧的力 ((1, 28) = 1.370； = 0.03) 更小。与静止位置相比，投球手在最大外展时施加在肩部的力大约增加了一倍，这很可能是由于记录到的主导髋关节和腰椎骨盆屈曲更大所致。这可能会增加投球时肩部受伤的风险。投球手在头顶投掷时手臂运动方式相似，无论投球手采用何种方式。助跑投掷会在投掷周期的各个阶段增加腰椎骨盆和主导髋关节的屈曲角度。助跑投掷会导致最大外展时肩部的压缩力和后向力更大。
