Lamichhane Santosh, Siljander Heli, Duberg Daniel, Honkanen Jarno, Virtanen Suvi M, Orešič Matej, Knip Mikael, Hyötyläinen Tuulia
Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Peditaric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Environ Int. 2021 Dec;157:106855. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106855. Epub 2021 Sep 6.
The composition of human breast milk is highly variable inter- and intra-individually. Environmental factors are suspected to contribute to such compositional variation, however, their impact on breast milk composition is currently poorly understood. We sought to (1) define the impact of maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on lipid composition of human breast milk, and (2) to study the combined impact of maternal PFAS exposure and breast milk lipid composition on the growth of the infants.In a mother-infant study (n = 44) we measured the levels of PFAS and lipids in maternal serum and conducted lipidomics analysis of breast milk collect 2-4 days after the delivery and at 3 months of infant age, by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Gastrointestinal biomarkers fecal calprotectin and human beta defensin 2 were measured in the stool samples at the age of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Maternal diet was studied by a validated food frequency questionnaire. PFAS levels were inversely associated with total lipid levels in the breast milk collected after the delivery. In the high exposure group, the ratio of acylated saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols was increased. Moreover, high exposure to PFAS associated with the altered phospholipid composition, which was indicative of unfavorable increase in the size of milk fat globules. These changes in the milk lipid composition were further associated with slower infant growth and with elevated intestinal inflammatory markers. Our data suggest that the maternal exposure to PFAS impacts the nutritional quality of the breast milk, which, in turn, may have detrimental impact on the health and growth of the children later in life.
人乳的成分在个体间和个体内存在很大差异。环境因素被怀疑是导致这种成分变化的原因，然而，目前人们对其对母乳成分的影响了解甚少。我们试图（1）确定母亲接触全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）对人乳脂质成分的影响，以及（2）研究母亲PFAS暴露和母乳脂质成分对婴儿生长的综合影响。在一项母婴研究（n = 44）中，我们测量了母亲血清中PFAS和脂质的水平，并在分娩后2 - 4天以及婴儿3个月大时，使用超高效液相色谱结合四极杆飞行时间质谱对采集的母乳进行脂质组学分析。在婴儿3、6、9和12个月大时，测量粪便样本中的胃肠道生物标志物粪便钙卫蛋白和人β - 防御素2。通过经过验证的食物频率问卷研究母亲的饮食。分娩后采集的母乳中PFAS水平与总脂质水平呈负相关。在高暴露组中，三酰甘油中酰化饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的比例增加。此外，高PFAS暴露与磷脂组成的改变有关，这表明乳脂肪球大小出现不利增加。母乳脂质成分的这些变化进一步与婴儿生长缓慢和肠道炎症标志物升高有关。我们的数据表明，母亲接触PFAS会影响母乳的营养质量，进而可能对儿童后期的健康和生长产生不利影响。
