Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
Herbal Medicine Research Centre (HMRC), Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institue of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 6;18(17):9411. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18179411.
Pathogenic is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. The risk of host infection following interaction with environmental sources depends on the ability of to persist, survive, and infect the new host to continue the transmission chain. may coexist with other pathogens, thus providing a suitable condition for the development of other pathogens, resulting in multi-pathogen infection in humans. Therefore, it is important to better understand the dynamics of transmission by these pathogens. We conducted Boolean searches of several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, to identify relevant published data on and coinfection with other pathogenic bacteria. We review the role of the host-microbiota in determining the synanthropic interaction of sp. with other bacteria, thus creating a suitable condition for the leptospira to survive and persist successfully. We also discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that amplify the viability of in the environment. The coinfection of leptospira with pathogenic bacteria has rarely been reported, potentially contributing to a lack of awareness. Therefore, the occurrence of leptospirosis coinfection may complicate diagnosis, long-lasting examination, and mistreatment that could lead to mortality. Identifying the presence of leptospirosis with other bacteria through metagenomic analysis could reveal possible coinfection. In conclusion, the occurrence of leptospirosis with other diseases should be of concern and may depend on the success of the transmission and severity of individual infections. Medical practitioners may misdiagnose the presence of multiple infections and should be made aware of and receive adequate training on appropriate treatment for leptospirosis patients. Physicians could undertake a more targeted approach for leptospirosis diagnosis by considering other symptoms caused by the coinfected bacteria; thus, more specific treatment could be given.
病原体是钩端螺旋体病的致病因子，这是一种全球性的新兴人畜共患病。宿主在与环境源相互作用后感染的风险取决于 持续存在、生存和感染新宿主以继续传播链的能力。可能与其他病原体共存，从而为其他病原体的发展提供了合适的条件，导致人类多病原体感染。因此，更好地了解这些病原体的传播动态非常重要。我们对包括 Google Scholar、PubMed、SciELO 和 ScienceDirect 在内的几个数据库进行了布尔搜索，以确定有关 与其他致病性细菌共感染的相关已发表数据。我们回顾了宿主微生物群在决定 sp. 与其他细菌的共生相互作用中的作用，从而为成功生存和持续存在创造了合适的条件。我们还讨论了放大 在环境中活力的生物和非生物因素。与致病性细菌的钩端螺旋体共感染很少被报道，这可能导致人们缺乏认识。因此，钩端螺旋体的共感染可能会使诊断、长期检查和治疗复杂化，从而导致死亡。通过宏基因组分析识别钩端螺旋体与其他细菌的存在可能会揭示可能的共感染。总之，钩端螺旋体与其他疾病的发生应该引起关注，并且可能取决于传播的成功和个体感染的严重程度。临床医生可能会误诊多种感染的存在，并且应该意识到并接受适当治疗钩端螺旋体病患者的充分培训。医生可以通过考虑由 coinfected 细菌引起的其他症状，对钩端螺旋体病的诊断采取更有针对性的方法；因此，可以给予更具体的治疗。
