Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Gagarina Pr, Nizhni Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 15;804:150059. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150059. Epub 2021 Sep 4.
Adaptive responses of plants are important not only for local processes in populations and communities but also for global processes in the biosphere through the primary production of ecosystems. In recent years, the concept of environmental hormesis has been increasingly used to explain the adaptive responses of living organisms, including plants, to low doses of natural factors, both abiotic and biotic, as well as various anthropogenic impacts. However, the issues of whether plant hormesis is similar/different when it is induced by mild stressors having different specific effects and what is the contribution of hormetic stimulation of non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms in plant resilience to strong stressors (i.e., preconditioning) remains unclear. This paper analyses hormetic stimulation of non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms in plants and its significance for preconditioning, the phenomenon of the hormetic trade-off for these mechanisms, and the position of hormetic stimulation of non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms in the system of plant adaptations to environmental challenges. The analysis has shown that both non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms of plants can be stimulated hormetically by mild stressors and are important for plant preconditioning. Due to limited plant resources, non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms have hormetic trades-offs 1 (hormesis accompanied by the deterioration of some plant traits) and 2 (hormesis of some plant traits with the invariability of others). At the same time, hormetic trade-off 2 is observed much more often than hormetic trade-off 1, at least, this was demonstrated here for non-specific adaptive responses of plants. The hormetic stimulation of non-specific and specific adaptive mechanisms is part of the inducible adaptation of plants caused by stress factors and is an adaptation to random (unpredictable) changes in the environment.
植物的适应反应不仅对种群和群落的局部过程很重要，而且通过生态系统的初级生产对生物圈的全球过程也很重要。近年来，环境毒物兴奋效应的概念被越来越多地用来解释包括植物在内的生物体对自然因素（包括生物和非生物因素）低剂量的适应反应，以及各种人为影响。然而，当温和胁迫以不同的特定效应诱导植物时，植物毒物兴奋是否相似/不同，以及非特异性和特异性适应机制的毒物兴奋刺激对强胁迫（即预处理）下植物恢复力的贡献如何，这些问题仍不清楚。本文分析了植物非特异性和特异性适应机制的毒物兴奋刺激及其对预处理的意义、这些机制的毒物兴奋权衡现象，以及非特异性和特异性适应机制的毒物兴奋刺激在植物适应环境挑战的系统中的地位。分析表明，温和胁迫可以刺激植物的非特异性和特异性适应机制，这对植物的预处理很重要。由于植物资源有限，非特异性和特异性适应机制存在毒物兴奋权衡 1（伴随某些植物特性恶化的毒物兴奋）和 2（某些植物特性的毒物兴奋而其他特性不变）。同时，至少在这里，观察到的毒物兴奋权衡 2 比毒物兴奋权衡 1 更常见，至少对于植物的非特异性适应反应是如此。非特异性和特异性适应机制的毒物兴奋刺激是由胁迫因素引起的植物可诱导适应的一部分，是对环境中随机（不可预测）变化的适应。
