Erofeeva Elena A
Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Gagarina Pr, Nizhni Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Nov 25;901:166022. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166022. Epub 2023 Aug 2.
Hormesis (low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition) can be accompanied by hormetic trade-offs, that is, stimulation of some traits and inhibition (trade-off 1) or invariability (trade-off 2) of others. Currently, trade-off options and their biological significance are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the review analyses trade-off types, their relationship with asynchronous stress responses of indicators, the importance of trade-offs for preconditioning, hormesis transgenerational effects, fitness, and evolution. The analysis has shown that hormetic trade-offs 1 and 2 can be observed in evolutionarily distant groups of organisms and at different biological levels (cells, individuals, populations, and communities) with abiotic and biotic stressors, as well as various pollutants. Trade-offs 1 and 2 are found both between different functional traits (e.g., self-maintenance and reproduction in animals, growth and defense in plants), and between the endpoints of the same functional trait (e.g., seed weight and seed number in plants). Asynchronous responses of indicators to a low-dose stressor can lead to hormetic trade-offs in two cases: 1) these indicators have different responses (hormesis, inhibition or zero reaction) in the same dose range; 2) these indicators have hormetic responses with different hormetic zones. Trade-offs can have a positive, negative or zero effect on preconditioning, offspring, and fitness of the population. Trade-offs can potentially affect evolution in two ways: 1) the creation of trends in genotype selection; 2) participation in the assimilation of phenotypic adaptations in the genotype through the Baldwin effect (selection of mutations copying adaptive phenotypes).
兴奋效应（低剂量刺激和高剂量抑制）可能伴随着兴奋效应权衡，即对某些性状的刺激以及对其他性状的抑制（权衡1）或不变（权衡2）。目前，权衡选项及其生物学意义尚未得到充分研究。因此，本综述分析了权衡类型、它们与指标异步应激反应的关系、权衡对预处理、兴奋效应跨代效应、适应性和进化的重要性。分析表明，在进化距离较远的生物群体以及细胞、个体、种群和群落等不同生物水平上，对于非生物和生物应激源以及各种污染物，均可观察到兴奋效应权衡1和2。权衡1和2既存在于不同功能性状之间（例如动物的自我维持和繁殖、植物的生长和防御），也存在于同一功能性状的终点之间（例如植物的种子重量和种子数量）。指标对低剂量应激源的异步反应在两种情况下可导致兴奋效应权衡：1）这些指标在相同剂量范围内有不同反应（兴奋效应、抑制或零反应）；2）这些指标具有不同兴奋区的兴奋效应反应。权衡对预处理、后代和种群适应性可能产生正、负或零效应。权衡可能通过两种方式潜在地影响进化：1）在基因型选择中产生趋势；2）通过鲍德温效应（选择复制适应性表型的突变）参与基因型中表型适应的同化。
