铅和镉暴露与肾结石发病率的关联：中国南丹非职业人群的研究。
Association of lead and cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China.
机构信息
Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China.
Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
出版信息
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2021 Dec;68:126852. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126852. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
BACKGROUND
Environmental lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) pollution has been considered a risk factor in the etiology of kidney stones. However, the association between Pb and Cd exposure and kidney stone incidence has yet to be determined.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to determine a possible the association between kidney stones with Pb and Cd exposure (alone or combined) in a non-occupational population.
METHODS
Pb and Cd contaminations in soil-plant system were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Health risk assessment of dietary Pb or Cd intake from rice and vegetables were calculated. Kidney stones were diagnosed with urinary tract ultrasonography. Urinary cadmium (UCd) and blood lead (BPb) levels were determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed.
RESULTS
The hazard indexes (HI) of Pb and Cd were 7.91 and 7.31. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.83 (95 %CI:1.38-5.77) in males with high BPb (BPb ≥ 100 μg/L), compared with those with low BPb (BPb＜100 μg/L). Compared to those with low BPb and low UCd (BPb＜100 μg/L and UCd＜2 μg/g creatinine), the ORs were 2.58 (95 % CI:1.17-5.70) and 3.43 (95 % CI:1.21-9.16) in females and males with high BPb and high UCd (BPb ≥100 μg/L and UCd ≥2 μg/g creatinine), respectively. The OR was 3.16 (95 % CI:1.26-7.88) in males with high BPb and low UCd (BPb ≥ 100 μg/L and UCd ＜2 μg/g creatinine), compared to those with low BPb and low UCd.
CONCLUSIONS
Kidney stones incidence was increased by high Pb exposure in males, and by Pb and Cd co-exposure in males and females.
背景
环境铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）污染已被认为是肾结石病因学中的一个危险因素。然而，Pb 和 Cd 暴露与肾结石发病率之间的关联尚未确定。
目的
本研究旨在确定非职业人群中 Pb 和 Cd 暴露（单独或联合）与肾结石之间可能存在的关联。
方法
采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤-植物系统中 Pb 和 Cd 的污染情况。通过蔬菜和大米膳食 Pb 或 Cd 摄入量计算健康风险评估。通过尿路超声检查诊断肾结石。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定尿镉（UCd）和血铅（BPb）水平。构建多变量逻辑回归模型。
结果
Pb 和 Cd 的危害指数（HI）分别为 7.91 和 7.31。与低 BPb（BPb＜100μg/L）相比，高 BPb（BPb≥100μg/L）的男性中，BPb 较高的 OR 为 2.83（95%CI：1.38-5.77）。与低 BPb 和低 UCd（BPb＜100μg/L 和 UCd＜2μg/g 肌酐）相比，BPb 较高且 UCd 较高的女性和男性的 OR 分别为 2.58（95%CI：1.17-5.70）和 3.43（95%CI：1.21-9.16）。与低 BPb 和低 UCd（BPb≥100μg/L 和 UCd＜2μg/g 肌酐）相比，BPb 较高且 UCd 较低的男性的 OR 为 3.16（95%CI：1.26-7.88）。
结论
男性 Pb 暴露量增加会增加肾结石的发病率，而男性和女性则会因 Pb 和 Cd 联合暴露而增加肾结石的发病率。
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