Yoder Ashton D, Stark Charles R, DeRouchey Joel M, Tokach Michael D, Paulk Chad B, Gebhardt Jordan, Woodworth Jason C, Jones Cassandra K, Zumbaugh Charles A
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Transl Anim Sci. 2021 Aug 9;5(3):txab134. doi: 10.1093/tas/txab134. eCollection 2021 Jul.
Mycotoxins are naturally produced hazards that result from molds grown on cereal grains and other commodities. These molds may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Removing broken kernels has been demonstrated to reduce mycotoxin concentration, but with high variability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to quantify the magnitude of natural mycotoxin concentration that may be reduced by cleaning corn. Two loads of corn that were naturally contaminated with mycotoxins were procured. Corn for Experiment 1 was contaminated with aflatoxin (1,074 parts per billion; ppb), fumonisin (8.3 parts per million; ppm), and ochratoxin A (206 ppb), while corn for Experiment 2 was contaminated with only fumonisin (5.5 ppm). Corn was cleaned by mechanical sieving. For each experiment, corn was divided into twenty 150 kg runs. Runs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: 1) no screen 2) 12.7 mm screen, 3) 4.8 mm screen, and 4) 12.7 + 4.8-mm screen. The corn cleaner was sanitized between runs. Three 5 kg corn samples were collected from each run, and analyzed for mycotoxin concentration. In Experiment 1, cleaning reduced ( < 0.05) aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration by an average of 26% and 45%, respectively, compared to the original uncleaned corn level, but did not impact ( > 0.10) ochratoxin A. The resultant screenings had nearly four times the aflatoxin (4,224 ppb) and 7.5 times the fumonisin concentration (60.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. In Experiment 2, cleaning reduced ( < 0.05) fumonisin concentration by 32%. The resultant screenings had 19.6 times the fumonisin concentration (65.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. To determine the effect that cleaning corn may have on nursery pig growth performance, 360 nursery pigs were used in Experiment 3 to evaluate the impact of cleaning or pelleting on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn type (uncleaned vs. cleaned) and feed form (mash vs. pelleted from either mill A or B). Neither cleaning corn nor pellet mill type affected ( > 0.19) nursery pig growth performance. Pelleting improved ( < 0.0001) gain to feed ratio (G:F) by 7.6% compared to mash diets. These data suggest that cleaning is an effective method to legally reduce aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration, but does not impact animal growth performance. Screenings should be used cautiously when feeding to animals.
霉菌毒素是谷物和其他商品上生长的霉菌自然产生的危害。这些霉菌可能产生致癌的霉菌毒素，对人类和动物有害。已证明去除破碎籽粒可降低霉菌毒素浓度，但变化很大。因此，进行了两项实验，以量化通过清理玉米可降低的天然霉菌毒素浓度的幅度。采购了两批天然受霉菌毒素污染的玉米。实验1的玉米被黄曲霉毒素（十亿分之一千零七十四；ppb）、伏马毒素（百万分之八点三；ppm）和赭曲霉毒素A（206 ppb）污染，而实验2的玉米仅被伏马毒素（5.5 ppm）污染。玉米通过机械筛分进行清理。对于每个实验，将玉米分成二十个150千克的批次。批次被随机分配到4种实验处理中的1种：1）无筛网，2）12.7毫米筛网，3）4.8毫米筛网，4）12.7 + 4.8毫米筛网。在各批次之间对玉米清理机进行消毒。从每个批次中收集三个5千克的玉米样品，并分析其霉菌毒素浓度。在实验1中，与未清理的原始玉米水平相比，清理使黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素浓度平均分别降低了26%和45%（<0.05），但对赭曲霉毒素A没有影响（>0.10）。最终的筛下物中黄曲霉毒素（4224 ppb）含量几乎是未清理玉米的四倍，伏马毒素浓度（60.4 ppm）是未清理玉米的7.5倍。在实验2中，清理使伏马毒素浓度降低了32%（<0.05）。最终筛下物中伏马毒素浓度（65.4 ppm）是未清理玉米的19.6倍。为了确定清理玉米对保育猪生长性能的影响，在实验3中使用了360头保育猪来评估清理或制粒对生长性能的影响。处理方式采用2×3析因设计，包括玉米类型（未清理与清理）和饲料形式（粉料与来自A厂或B厂的颗粒料）。清理玉米和制粒厂类型均未对保育猪生长性能产生影响（>0.19）。与粉料日粮相比，制粒使增重与饲料比（G:F）提高了7.6%（<0.0001）。这些数据表明，清理是合法降低黄曲霉毒素和伏马毒素浓度的有效方法，但不影响动物生长性能。喂食动物时应谨慎使用筛下物。
