Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; email:
Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2021 Sep 15;7:793-825. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100119-125043.
Eye movements are indispensable for visual image stabilization during self-generated and passive head and body motion and for visual orientation. Eye muscles and neuronal control elements are evolutionarily conserved, with novel behavioral repertoires emerging during the evolution of frontal eyes and foveae. The precise execution of eye movements with different dynamics is ensured by morphologically diverse yet complementary sets of extraocular muscle fibers and associated motoneurons. Singly and multiply innervated muscle fibers are controlled by motoneuronal subpopulations with largely selective premotor inputs from task-specific ocular motor control centers. The morphological duality of the neuromuscular interface is matched by complementary biochemical and molecular features that collectively assign different physiological properties to the motor entities. In contrast, the functionality represents a continuum where most motor elements contribute to any type of eye movement, although within preferential dynamic ranges, suggesting that signal transmission and muscle contractions occur within bands of frequency-selective pathways.
眼球运动对于在自主和被动头部和身体运动以及视觉定向过程中稳定视觉图像是不可或缺的。眼肌和神经元控制元件在进化上是保守的，在前额眼睛和中央凹的进化过程中出现了新的行为范围。不同动力学的眼球运动的精确执行由形态多样但互补的眼外肌纤维和相关运动神经元来保证。单肌纤维和多肌纤维由运动神经元亚群控制，这些亚群主要从特定于任务的眼球运动控制中心获得选择性的运动前输入。神经肌肉界面的形态二元性与互补的生化和分子特征相匹配，这些特征共同为运动实体赋予不同的生理特性。相比之下，功能代表了一个连续体，其中大多数运动元件都有助于任何类型的眼球运动，尽管在优先动态范围内，这表明信号传输和肌肉收缩发生在频率选择性通路的频带内。
