Eldred Kiara C, Reh Thomas A
Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
Dev Biol. 2021 Dec;480:114-122. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.001. Epub 2021 Sep 13.
The retina is a complex neuronal structure that converts light energy into visual perception. Many specialized aspects of the primate retina, including a cone rich macula for high acuity vision, ocular size, and cell type diversity are not found in other animal models. In addition, the unique morphologies and distinct laminar positions of cell types found in the retina make this model system ideal for the study of neuronal cell fate specification. Many key early events of human retinal development are inaccessible to investigation as they occur during gestation. For these reasons, it has been necessary to develop retinal model systems to gain insight into human-specific retinal development and disease. Recent advances in culturing retinal tissue have generated new systems for retinal research and have moved us closer to generating effective regenerative therapies for vision loss. Here, we describe the strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for different human retinal model systems including dissociated primary tissue, explanted primary tissue, retinospheres, and stem cell-derived retinal organoids.
视网膜是一种复杂的神经元结构，可将光能转化为视觉感知。灵长类动物视网膜的许多特殊方面，包括用于高敏锐度视觉的富含视锥细胞的黄斑、眼睛大小和细胞类型多样性，在其他动物模型中并未发现。此外，视网膜中发现的细胞类型独特形态和不同的层状位置，使该模型系统成为研究神经元细胞命运特化的理想选择。由于人类视网膜发育的许多关键早期事件发生在妊娠期，因此难以进行研究。出于这些原因，有必要开发视网膜模型系统，以深入了解人类特有的视网膜发育和疾病。视网膜组织培养的最新进展为视网膜研究带来了新的系统，并使我们更接近开发出有效的视力丧失再生疗法。在这里，我们描述了不同人类视网膜模型系统的优缺点和未来方向，包括解离的原代组织、外植的原代组织、视网膜球和干细胞衍生的视网膜类器官。
