Mohamad Nor Noorhashimah, Ramli Nurul Hidayah, Poobalan Hemalatha, Qi Tan Kai, Abdul Razak Khairunisak
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
NanoBiotechnology Research & Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2023;53(2):253-288. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1950521. Epub 2021 Sep 25.
Heavy metal pollution has gained global attention due to its high toxicity and non-biodegradability, even at a low level of exposure. Therefore, the development of a disposable electrode that is sensitive, simple, portable, rapid, and cost-effective as the sensor platform in electrochemical heavy metal detection is vital. Disposable electrodes have been modified with nanomaterials so that excellent electrochemical properties can be obtained. This review highlights the recent progress in the development of numerous types of disposable electrodes modified with nanomaterials for electrochemical heavy metal detection. The disposable electrodes made from carbon-based, glass-based, and paper-based electrodes are reviewed. In particular, the analytical performance, fabrication technique, and integration design of disposable electrodes modified with metal (such as gold, tin and bismuth), carbon (such as carbon nanotube and graphene), and metal oxide (such as iron oxide and zinc oxide) nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, the role of the nanomaterials in improving the electrochemical performance of the modified disposable electrodes is discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospect of the disposable electrode modified with nanomaterials are summarized.
重金属污染因其高毒性和不可生物降解性，即使在低暴露水平下也已引起全球关注。因此，开发一种作为电化学重金属检测传感器平台灵敏、简单、便携、快速且经济高效的一次性电极至关重要。一次性电极已用纳米材料进行修饰，从而可获得优异的电化学性能。本综述重点介绍了用于电化学重金属检测的多种纳米材料修饰一次性电极开发的最新进展。对由碳基、玻璃基和纸基电极制成的一次性电极进行了综述。特别总结了用金属（如金、锡和铋）、碳（如碳纳米管和石墨烯）和金属氧化物（如氧化铁和氧化锌）纳米材料修饰的一次性电极的分析性能、制备技术和集成设计。此外，还讨论了纳米材料在改善修饰一次性电极电化学性能方面的作用。最后，总结了纳米材料修饰一次性电极当前面临的挑战和未来前景。
