Perspectives on Internal Dosimetry for Optimized Radionuclide Therapy.

A balanced approach to radiopharmaceutical dosimetry involves personalized dosimetry. Planar quantitative imaging can be practical, reliable, and relatively cost-effective. Therapy dose optimization can be achieved for the individual patient using a straightforward tracer study to determine patient-specific biokinetics at three or more imaging time points for organs that assimilate the radiopharmaceutical. Two-dimensional quantitative imaging may be supported and calibrated using a 3D SPECT/CT measurement for the dose-limiting organ at a single time point. Organ volumes are needed from CT images. Measurements require special attention for consistency in camera-to-patient distancing, region-of-interest delineation, and attenuation correction, and operators need training and experience well beyond the requirements for standard nuclear medicine scintigraphy. As with external beam therapy, reimbursement codes are needed to support treatment-planning costs. Postinfusion tumor dosimetry can be important in overall evaluation of radionuclide therapy effectiveness. Clinicians and pharmaceutical companies should recognize the value of a balanced approach to personalized internal dosimetry for maximizing therapy benefit while minimizing toxicity. Prospective clinical trials should employ quantitative dosimetry with standardized methodologies to deliver predictive paradigms and establish the efficacy of new radioimmunotherapy products.