Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal - 721302, India.
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
J Mater Chem B. 2021 Sep 29;9(37):7608-7632. doi: 10.1039/d1tb01335a.
Nature's material systems during evolution have developed the ability to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli through the generation of complex structures capable of varying their functions across direction, distances and time. 3D printing technologies can recapitulate structural motifs present in natural materials, and efforts are currently being made on the technological side to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed. However, an intrinsic limitation of this technology is that printed objects are static and thus inadequate to dynamically reshape when subjected to external stimuli. In recent years, this issue has been addressed with the design and precise deployment of smart materials that can undergo a programmed morphing in response to a stimulus. The term 4D printing was coined to indicate the combined use of additive manufacturing, smart materials, and careful design of appropriate geometries. In this review, we report the recent progress in the design and development of smart materials that are actuated by different stimuli and their exploitation within additive manufacturing to produce biomimetic structures with important repercussions in different but interrelated biomedical areas.
在进化过程中，自然界的物质系统已经发展出通过生成能够在方向、距离和时间上改变其功能的复杂结构来对环境刺激做出反应和适应的能力。3D 打印技术可以再现天然材料中存在的结构模式，目前正在技术方面努力提高打印分辨率、形状保真度和打印速度。然而，这项技术的一个内在局限性是，打印出来的物体是静态的，因此在受到外部刺激时无法动态重塑。近年来，通过设计和精确部署能够对刺激做出响应的智能材料来解决这个问题，这些智能材料可以进行编程变形。术语“4D 打印”被用来表示增材制造、智能材料和适当几何形状的精心设计的结合使用。在这篇综述中，我们报告了智能材料的设计和开发方面的最新进展，这些智能材料可以响应不同的刺激，并在增材制造中得到利用，以生产具有重要影响的仿生结构，这些结构在不同但相互关联的生物医学领域有重要应用。
