Mondal Kunal, Tripathy Prabhat Kumar
Energy & Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA.
Nuclear Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA.
Materials (Basel). 2021 Oct 27;14(21):6442. doi: 10.3390/ma14216442.
Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.
在过去几十年里，先进制造和增材打印技术已在工程、交通和医疗保健领域取得了令人瞩目的进展。在增材制造技术中，由于具有快速原型制作、复杂设计/结构制造、减少废料产生以及易于大规模定制等吸引人的特性组合，3D打印正逐渐成为一项强大的技术。近来，4D打印也已启动，它是3D打印的复杂版本。它有一个额外的优势特性：保留形状记忆，并能够向打印部件提供关于在某些环境条件下（如水、风、光、温度或其他环境刺激）如何移动或适应的指令。这种先进打印利用了智能制造材料的响应，这些材料在施加任何形式的能量后能够在生产后改变形状。4D打印在生物医学领域的潜在应用非常广泛。在此，该技术可应用于组织工程、医学以及智能生物医学设备的配置。本文讨论了下一代增材打印（即3D和4D打印）的各种特性、它们在提升制造领域方面的应用、它们的发展情况以及一些应用案例。与用于增材打印的传统材料选项相比，还讨论了具有压电特性和形状变化特性的特殊材料。
