Padda Jaskamal, Khalid Khizer, Khedr Anwar, Patel Vinay, Al-Ewaidat Ola A, Tasnim Fahriba, Padda Sandeep, Cooper Ayden Charlene, Jean-Charles Gutteridge
Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA.
Internal Medicine, Advent Health & Orlando Health Hospital, Orlando, USA.
Cureus. 2021 Aug 25;13(8):e17441. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17441. eCollection 2021 Aug.
Exosome-derived microRNA (miRNA) has been the focus of attention in recent years. Mainly, their role in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer has been extensively studied. The different types of exosomal miRNAs (exomiRs) act as either oncogenes or oncosupressors. They have potential prognostic and diagnostic efficacy in different types of cancer due to their high stability and easy detection in bodily fluids. This is especially true in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. However, their efficacy as potential therapies has not been widely investigated. This review will discuss the structure and functions of exosomes and miRNA, as well as the role of exomiRs in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer through boosting growth, promoting progression, chemotherapy resistance, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune system evasion. We will also discuss the application of exomiRs in diagnosing different types of cancer and their role in prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the challenges of developing therapeutic agents using miRNAs and how the carriage of therapeutic miRNA by exosomes can help solve these challenges. Finally, we examine recent studies exploring the potential of exomiRs in treating cancers such as neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
近年来，外泌体衍生的微小RNA（miRNA）一直是人们关注的焦点。主要是，它们在不同类型癌症发病机制中的作用已得到广泛研究。不同类型的外泌体miRNA（外泌体miRs）可作为癌基因或抑癌基因。由于其高稳定性以及在体液中易于检测，它们在不同类型癌症中具有潜在的预后和诊断功效。在肺癌、结直肠癌、卵巢癌和乳腺癌中尤其如此。然而，它们作为潜在治疗方法的功效尚未得到广泛研究。本综述将讨论外泌体和miRNA的结构与功能，以及外泌体miRs通过促进生长、推动进展、化疗耐药、血管生成、转移和逃避免疫系统在不同类型癌症发病机制中的作用。我们还将讨论外泌体miRs在诊断不同类型癌症中的应用及其在预后中的作用。此外，我们阐明了使用miRNA开发治疗药物所面临的挑战，以及外泌体携带治疗性miRNA如何有助于解决这些挑战。最后，我们审视了近期探索外泌体miRs治疗神经母细胞瘤、胶质母细胞瘤和黑色素瘤等癌症潜力的研究。
