Institute of Transport Economics Norway, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
Aalto University School of Business, P.O. Box 31000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
Waste Manag. 2021 Nov;135:372-380. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.011. Epub 2021 Sep 30.
Municipal solid waste is associated with different systemic challenges, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and ocean plastic pollution. European countries are striving towards more circular material use and the European Commission has advocated the use of economic incentives to boost recycling. The pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) scheme is an economic instrument that applies the 'polluter pays' principle by charging for waste according to the actual amount of generated waste. Volume-based PAYT fees have shown to be potentially less effective in waste prevention and recycling than weight-based fees. This paper illustrates how waste management operators can price residual waste with weight-based fees that encourage recycling, are fair with respect to service levels, and cover the current income for municipal waste operators. The result, obtained by forming equations satisfying the above conditions, is a model with a linear, discrete price function, where the price of the residual waste generated by the citizen is a function of the service level. This model encourages efficient source separation through internal subsidies, wherein a citizen can decrease the price of household waste by 32% if they increase the sorting efficiency from a default of 40% to 80% efficiency. The application of the model was illustrated in a case example. The model developed in this study can be used to implement weight-based PAYT schemes locally, thereby supporting the formulation of waste management systems that facilitate waste reduction and recycling.
城市固体废物与气候变化、资源短缺和海洋塑料污染等系统性挑战有关。欧洲各国正在努力实现更循环的材料利用，欧盟委员会提倡利用经济激励措施来促进回收利用。收费制（PAYT）是一种经济手段，通过根据实际产生的废物量对废物收费来应用“污染者付费”原则。事实证明，基于体积的 PAYT 费用在废物预防和回收方面不如基于重量的费用有效。本文说明了废物管理运营商如何对基于重量的费用进行剩余废物定价，以鼓励回收利用，在服务水平方面公平合理，并覆盖当前城市废物运营商的收入。通过形成满足上述条件的方程，得到一个线性离散价格函数模型，其中公民产生的剩余废物的价格是服务水平的函数。该模型通过内部补贴鼓励有效的源头分类，公民如果将分类效率从默认的 40%提高到 80%，可以将生活垃圾的价格降低 32%。该模型在案例中进行了应用。本研究中开发的模型可用于在当地实施基于重量的 PAYT 计划，从而支持制定有利于减少废物和回收利用的废物管理系统。
