Sakai S, Ikematsu T, Hirai Y, Yoshida H
Kyoto University, Environment Preservation Center, Yoshidahon-machi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Waste Manag. 2008 Dec;28(12):2815-25. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.010. Epub 2008 Sep 16.
Unit-charging programs known as pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) for municipal solid waste in Japan were surveyed. The number of municipalities that have implemented PAYT for combustible waste totaled 954 (30%) in 2003. The introduction of PAYT programs peaked in the early 1970s and again in the 1990s. PAYT has tended to be adopted by municipalities with small populations (less than 30,000). PAYT charging systems can be roughly divided into two groups: simple unit-pricing programs and two-tiered pricing programs. It is difficult to see the relationship between PAYT and waste reduction by simple inspection of the overall changes throughout Japan. Case studies of four municipalities showed that the implementation of PAYT programs reduced the amount of residual waste generated by 20% to 30%. In combination with other measures, especially the recycling of containers and packaging, PAYT programs can bring about a dramatic reduction in waste.
对日本针对城市固体废物实施的名为“随扔随付”（PAYT）的单位收费项目进行了调查。2003年，已对可燃垃圾实施PAYT的市政当局数量总计为954个（占30%）。PAYT项目的引入在20世纪70年代初达到顶峰，在90年代再次出现高峰。PAYT往往被人口较少（不到3万）的市政当局采用。PAYT收费系统大致可分为两类：简单的单位定价项目和两级定价项目。仅通过简单考察日本全国的总体变化情况，很难看出PAYT与垃圾减量之间的关系。对四个市政当局的案例研究表明，PAYT项目的实施使产生的残余垃圾量减少了20%至30%。与其他措施相结合，尤其是容器和包装的回收利用，PAYT项目可带来垃圾量的大幅减少。
