Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 5;11(1):508. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01633-y.
Resilience in the face of major life stressors is changeable over time and with experience. Accordingly, differing sets of neurobiological factors may contribute to an adaptive stress response before, during, and after the stressor. Longitudinal studies are therefore particularly effective in answering questions about the determinants of resilience. Here we provide an overview of the rapidly-growing body of longitudinal neuroimaging research on stress resilience. Despite lingering gaps and limitations, these studies are beginning to reveal individual differences in neural circuit structure and function that appear protective against the emergence of future psychopathology following a major life stressor. Here we outline a neural circuit model of resilience to trauma. Specifically, pre-trauma biomarkers of resilience show that an ability to modulate activity within threat and salience networks predicts fewer stress-related symptoms. In contrast, early post-trauma biomarkers of subsequent resilience or recovery show a more complex pattern, spanning a number of major circuits including attention and cognitive control networks as well as primary sensory cortices. This novel synthesis suggests stress resilience may be scaffolded by stable individual differences in the processing of threat cues, and further buttressed by post-trauma adaptations to the stressor that encompass multiple mechanisms and circuits. More attention and resources supporting this work will inform the targets and timing of mechanistic resilience-boosting interventions.
面对重大生活压力源时的适应能力会随时间和经验而变化。因此，在压力源之前、期间和之后，不同的神经生物学因素可能会对适应性应激反应做出贡献。因此，纵向研究对于回答关于适应力决定因素的问题特别有效。在这里，我们提供了一个关于压力适应力的快速发展的纵向神经影像学研究综述。尽管仍然存在差距和局限性，但这些研究开始揭示出在经历重大生活压力源后出现未来精神病理学的个体差异与神经回路结构和功能的差异有关。在这里，我们概述了一个创伤适应力的神经回路模型。具体来说，创伤前适应力的生物标志物表明，调节威胁和突显网络内活动的能力可以预测与压力相关的症状较少。相比之下，随后适应力或恢复的早期创伤后生物标志物显示出更为复杂的模式，涵盖了包括注意力和认知控制网络以及主要感觉皮层在内的多个主要回路。这种新的综合表明，应激适应能力可能是由对威胁线索的处理中的稳定个体差异支撑的，并且进一步由包括多种机制和回路的对压力源的创伤后适应来加强。更多关注和支持这项工作的资源将为机制增强干预的目标和时间提供信息。
