School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2022 Apr;95(3):737-751. doi: 10.1007/s00420-021-01799-4. Epub 2021 Oct 10.
The Slash (multiple-job holders) become increasingly prevalent in the labor force under the context of fast-developing gig economy and other emerging employment forms active on platforms. However, health outcomes of multiple-job holding have not received sufficient research treatment and is far from reaching consensus. This study provides an empirical investigation on the influence of multiple-job holding on individual health.
This study uses data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS-2015 survey) which covers 28 provinces/municipalities in China and tracks work and health status of the population aged over 45 years using stratified random sampling (N = 12,659-16,526 for examinations of different types of health status (i.e., chronic conditions/body aches/depression, in study 1), and from the Survey of Household Economics and Decision-making (SHED-2019) which is conducted by the Federal Reserve Board of the United States and documents economic behavior and related risks of the population aged over 18 years (N = 6603 for baseline model and N = 10,718 for supplementary test, in study 2). To address the potential endogeneity of multiple-job holding, the instrumental variable (IV) regressions are conducted to ensure the validity of results. The implementation of Study 1 and 2 in different national context could help test the generalization of research results.
Compared with non-multiple jobs holding, multiple-job holding with only one additional job is associated with better health status (i.e., less chronic conditions and body aches, a lower level of depression shown in study 1, and better self-assessed general health shown in study 2), however, multiple-job holding with at least two additional jobs turns to be associated with worse health status (shown in both study 1 and 2). These results show that the optimal level of multiple-job holding could be featured with one additional job besides the primary job.
Multiple-job holding, with different structures, has both bright and dark side for health outcomes. To maintain an optimal level of multiple-job holding could benefit individual health.
在快速发展的零工经济和其他活跃在平台上的新兴就业形式背景下，兼职者在劳动力中越来越普遍。然而，兼职对个人健康的影响还没有得到足够的研究，远未达成共识。本研究对兼职对个人健康的影响进行了实证研究。
本研究使用了中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS-2015 调查）的数据，该调查涵盖了中国 28 个省/直辖市，采用分层随机抽样的方法跟踪 45 岁以上人群的工作和健康状况（N=12659-16526，用于研究不同类型的健康状况（即慢性疾病/身体疼痛/抑郁，在研究 1 中），并使用美国联邦储备委员会进行的家庭经济和决策调查（SHED-2019）的数据，该调查记录了 18 岁以上人群的经济行为和相关风险（N=6603 用于基线模型，N=10718 用于补充测试，在研究 2 中）。为了解决兼职的内生性问题，本研究采用了工具变量（IV）回归来确保结果的有效性。在不同的国家背景下实施研究 1 和 2 可以帮助检验研究结果的推广性。
与非兼职相比，只有一份额外工作的兼职与更好的健康状况相关（即慢性疾病和身体疼痛较少，抑郁程度较低，在研究 1 中表现出更好的自我评估总体健康状况，在研究 2 中表现出更好的自我评估总体健康状况），然而，至少有两份额外工作的兼职与更差的健康状况相关（在研究 1 和 2 中均有表现）。这些结果表明，兼职的最佳水平可以是在主要工作之外增加一份额外的工作。
兼职，具有不同的结构，对健康结果既有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。保持最佳的兼职水平可以有益于个人健康。
