Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Netherlands Organisation of Applied Sciences TNO, Schipholweg 77, 2316, ZL, Leiden, the Netherlands.
BMC Public Health. 2018 Aug 22;18(1):1054. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5841-7.
Multiple job holding (MJH) is a common and growing phenomenon in many countries. Little is known about experiences with MJH among older workers. The objective of the present study is to gain insight in experiences with MJH among Dutch workers aged 45 years and older.
Multiple job holders were selected from the Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability, and Motivation (STREAM), a Dutch cohort study among persons aged 45 years and older. Purposive sampling was applied to assure heterogeneity regarding gender, educational level, health, financial situation, willingness to continue MJH, and type of MJH (only jobs as employee or also being self-employed). Interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Fifteen multiple job holders participated in this study (eight men, seven women). Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed, along with field notes, using thematic content analysis. The data were openly coded, after which codes were aggregated into themes, which formed a thematic map. In each phase of the analysis at least two researchers were involved to increase reliability.
Experiences with MJH varied from positive to negative. They were influenced by characteristics of individual jobs, e.g. social support at work, as well as characteristics of the combination of jobs, e.g. positive spill-over effects, and conflicts between work schedules. The personal context of multiple job holders, e.g. their age, or reason for MJH, affected how work characteristics influenced experiences. Negative experiences with one job often coincided with negative experience in the other job(s), and problems in the personal context. Some multiple job holders were able to make changes to their situation when desired. For some, this was not possible, which augmented their negative experience.
This study adds to existing knowledge that experiences with MJH are not only influenced by work characteristics but also by the personal context of multiple job holders, and that some workers are able to change their situation when desired, while others are not. Future research should study how different combinations of work and personal characteristics influence sustainable employability of multiple job holders. Policies facilitating life-long learning could increase opportunities to change the MJH situation when desired.
兼职工作（MJH）在许多国家是一种普遍且不断增长的现象。对于年龄较大的工人来说，他们在兼职工作方面的经验鲜为人知。本研究的目的是深入了解荷兰 45 岁及以上工人在兼职工作方面的经验。
从就业、能力和动机研究（STREAM）中选择兼职人员，这是一项针对 45 岁及以上人群的荷兰队列研究。采用目的抽样法，以确保在性别、教育水平、健康状况、财务状况、继续兼职工作的意愿以及兼职工作的类型（仅作为雇员或同时作为自雇人员）方面存在异质性。进行访谈，直到达到数据饱和。共有 15 名兼职人员参与了这项研究（8 名男性，7 名女性）。访谈进行了数字记录、逐字转录和分析，并结合实地笔记使用主题内容分析。数据进行了开放式编码，然后将代码汇总为主题，形成主题图。在分析的每个阶段，至少有两名研究人员参与，以提高可靠性。
兼职工作的经验有好有坏。它们受到个人工作特点的影响，例如工作中的社会支持，以及工作组合的特点的影响，例如积极的溢出效应，以及工作时间表之间的冲突。兼职人员的个人背景，例如他们的年龄或兼职原因，会影响工作特点如何影响他们的经验。一份工作的负面经历往往与另一份工作的负面经历相吻合，以及个人背景中的问题。一些兼职人员能够在需要时改变自己的情况。对于一些人来说，这是不可能的，这增加了他们的负面经验。
这项研究增加了现有知识，即兼职工作的经验不仅受到工作特点的影响，还受到兼职人员个人背景的影响，而且一些工人能够在需要时改变自己的情况，而另一些工人则不能。未来的研究应该研究不同的工作和个人特点组合如何影响兼职人员的可持续就业能力。促进终身学习的政策可以增加在需要时改变兼职工作状况的机会。
