Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States.
J Am Chem Soc. 2021 Oct 27;143(42):17452-17464. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c06529. Epub 2021 Oct 13.
Ketone enolization by sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) shows a marked solvent and substrate dependence. Enolization of 2-methyl-3-pentanone reveals - selectivities in EtN/toluene (20:1), methyl--butyl ether (MTBE, 10:1), -pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA)/toluene (8:1), TMEDA/toluene (4:1), diglyme (1:1), DME (1:22), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (1:90). Control experiments show slow or nonexistent stereochemical equilibration in all solvents except THF. Enolate trapping with MeSiCl/EtN requires warming to -40 °C whereas MeSiOTf reacts within seconds. In situ enolate trapping at -78 °C using preformed NaHMDS/MeSiCl mixtures is effective in EtN/toluene yet fails in THF by forming (MeSi)N. Rate studies show enolization via mono- and disolvated dimers in EtN/toluene, disolvated dimers in TMEDA, trisolvated monomers in THF/toluene, and free ions with PMDTA. Density functional theory computations explore the selectivities via the - and -based transition structures. Failures of theory-experiment correlations of ionic fragments were considerable even when isodesmic comparisons could have canceled electron correlation errors. Swapping 2-methyl-3-pentanone with a close isostere, 2-methylcyclohexanone, causes a fundamental change in the mechanism to a trisolvated-monomer-based enolization in THF.
由六甲基二硅基叠氮化钠(NaHMDS)引发的酮烯醇互变异构反应具有显著的溶剂和底物依赖性。在EtN/甲苯(20:1)、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE,10:1)、-戊甲二乙三胺(PMDTA)/甲苯(8:1)、四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)/甲苯(4:1)、二甘醇二甲醚(diglyme,1:1)、二甲基醚(DME,1:22)和四氢呋喃(THF,1:90)中,2-甲基-3-戊酮的烯醇化反应呈现出显著的选择性。控制实验表明,除了 THF 之外,所有溶剂中立体化学平衡都非常缓慢甚至不存在。用 MeSiCl/EtN 捕获烯醇化物需要升温至-40°C,而 MeSiOTf 在几秒钟内即可反应。在-78°C 下使用预先形成的 NaHMDS/MeSiCl 混合物进行原位烯醇化物捕获在 EtN/甲苯中是有效的,但在 THF 中却失效,形成(MeSi)N。速率研究表明,在 EtN/甲苯中通过单和双溶剂化二聚体进行烯醇化,在 TMEDA 中通过双溶剂化二聚体,在 THF/甲苯中通过三溶剂化单体,以及在 PMDTA 中通过自由离子进行反应。密度泛函理论计算通过-和-基过渡态结构探索了选择性。即使可以通过等电子比较来消除电子相关误差,离子碎片的理论-实验相关性的失败也相当大。用接近的等排体 2-甲基环己酮替代 2-甲基-3-戊酮,会导致在 THF 中发生基于三溶剂化单体的烯醇化反应,这是一种根本性的机制变化。