Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Mediators Inflamm. 2021 Oct 8;2021:9198249. doi: 10.1155/2021/9198249. eCollection 2021.
Allergic disease has risen to epidemic proportions since the last decade and is among the most common noncommunicable, chronic diseases in children and adolescents worldwide. Allergic disease usually occurs in early life; thus, early biomarkers of allergic susceptibility are required for preventive measures to high-risk infants which enable early interventions to decrease allergic severity. However, to date, there is no reliable general or specific allergy phenotype detection method that is easy and noninvasive for children. Most reported allergic phenotype detection methods are invasive, such as the skin prick test (SPT), oral food challenge (OFC), and blood test, and many involve not readily accessible biological samples, such as cord blood (CB), maternal blood, or newborn vernix. Saliva is a biological sample that has great potential as a biomarker measurement as it consists of an abundance of biomarkers, such as genetic material and proteins. It is easily accessible, noninvasive, collected via a painless procedure, and an easy bedside screening for real-time measurement of the ongoing human physiological system. All these advantages emphasise saliva as a very promising diagnostic candidate for the detection and monitoring of disease biomarkers, especially in children. Furthermore, protein biomarkers have the advantages as modifiable influencing factors rather than genetic and epigenetic factors that are mostly nonmodifiable factors for allergic disease susceptibility in childhood. Saliva has great potential to replace serum as a biological fluid biomarker in diagnosing clinical allergy. However, to date, saliva is not considered as an established medically acceptable biomarker. This review considers whether the saliva could be suitable biological samples for early detection of allergic risk. Such tools may be used as justification for targeted interventions in early childhood for disease prevention and assisting in reducing morbidity and mortality caused by childhood allergy.
自上一个十年以来，过敏性疾病的发病率呈上升趋势，并且是全世界儿童和青少年中最常见的非传染性、慢性疾病之一。过敏性疾病通常发生在生命早期；因此，需要针对高危婴儿的早期过敏易感性生物标志物，以便进行早期干预，降低过敏的严重程度。然而，迄今为止，还没有一种可靠的、通用的或针对过敏表型的简便、非侵入性检测方法。大多数报道的过敏表型检测方法都是侵入性的，如皮肤点刺试验（SPT）、口服食物激发试验（OFC）和血液检测，而且许多方法涉及不易获取的生物样本，如脐带血（CB）、母血或新生儿胎脂。唾液是一种很有潜力的生物标志物测量样本，因为它包含丰富的生物标志物，如遗传物质和蛋白质。它易于获取、非侵入性，通过无痛程序收集，是一种床边实时测量正在进行的人体生理系统的简便方法。所有这些优势都强调了唾液作为一种非常有前途的诊断候选物，可用于检测和监测疾病生物标志物，尤其是在儿童中。此外，蛋白质生物标志物具有可修饰的影响因素的优势，而不是遗传和表观遗传因素，这些因素在儿童期对过敏疾病易感性大多是不可修饰的。唾液有很大潜力替代血清作为诊断临床过敏的生物流体生物标志物。然而，迄今为止，唾液尚未被认为是一种公认的可接受的医学生物标志物。本综述考虑了唾液是否可以作为早期检测过敏风险的合适生物样本。这些工具可能被用于为儿童早期的有针对性干预提供依据，以预防疾病，并有助于降低儿童过敏引起的发病率和死亡率。
