Monitoring basal autophagy in the retina utilizing CAG-mRFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B reporter mouse: technical and biological considerations.

We describe the utility of a tandem-tagged autophagy reporter mouse model (CAG-RFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B) in investigating basal macroautophagic/autophagic flux in the neural retina. Western blot, hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy showed that CAG promoter-driven expression of RFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B increased "cytosolic" RFP-EGFP-LC3B-I levels, whereas RFP-EGFP-LC3B-II decorates true phagosomes. We verified that the electroretinographic (ERG) responses of tandem-tagged LC3B mice were comparable to those of age-matched controls. Optimized microscope settings detected lipofuscin autofluorescence in retinas of mice. The majority of retinal phagosomes in the reporter mice exhibited only RFP (not EGFP) fluorescence, suggesting rapid maturation of phagosomes. Only ~1.5% of the total phagosome population was EGFP-labeled; RFP-labeled (mature) phagosomes colocalized with lysosomal markers LAMP2 and CTSD. In the outer retina, phagosome sizes were as follows (in µm, ave ± SEM): RPE, 0.309 ± 0.015; photoreceptor inner segment-myoid, 0.544 ± 0.031; and outer nuclear layer, 0.429 ± 0.011. Detection of RPE phagosomes by fluorescence microscopy is challenging, due to the presence of melanin. Increased lipofuscin autofluorescence, such as observed in the mouse model of Stargardt disease, is a strong confounding factor when attempting to study autophagy in the RPE. In addition to RPE and photoreceptor cells, phagosomes were detected in inner retinal cell types, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. We conclude that the tandem-tagged LC3B mouse model serves as a useful system for studying autophagy in the retina. This utility, however, is dependent upon several technical and biological factors, including microscope settings, transgene expression, choice of fluorophores, and lipofuscin autofluorescence.: ACTB: actin, beta; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG: autophagy related; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: (4',6-diamido-2-phenylindole); DIC: differential interference contrast; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; ELM: external limiting membrane; ERG: electroretinography; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLUL: glutamine-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase); INL: inner nuclear layer; IS-E/M: inner segment - ellipsoid/myoid; ISH: ; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; L.I.: laser Intensity; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; O.C.T.: optimal cutting temperature; OS: outer segment; ONL: outer nuclear layer; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; RFP: red fluorescent protein; R.O.I.: region of interest; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.