Maher Tahani, Kabbashi Nassereldeen A, Mirghani Mohamed E S, Alam Md Z, Daddiouaissa Djabir, Abdulhafiz Ferid, Reduan Mohd Farhan Hanif, Omran Jihad I, Abdul Razab Mohammad Khairul Azhar, Mohammed Arifullah
Biotechnology Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia.
International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Oct 13;10(10):1612. doi: 10.3390/antiox10101612.
gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value ( < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study.
阿拉伯树胶（ASG），也被称为阿拉伯胶，是一种富含抗氧化剂的可溶性纤维。据报道，ASG具有多种生物活性，包括抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗溃疡和免疫调节活性。从ASG中提取生物活性化合物通常采用传统提取方法。然而，这些技术在提取时间、能量和溶剂需求方面存在一定局限性。超声辅助提取（UAE）可作为一种替代技术，在更短的时间、更低的温度下，以更少的能量和溶剂需求提取生物活性化合物。在本研究中，使用响应面法（RSM）对ASG的UAE提取进行了优化。采用面心中央复合设计（FCCCD）来监测超声操作的不同独立因素（超声处理时间、温度和溶剂比）对ASG提取率的影响。此外，使用拉曼显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC-TOFMS）分析对60%乙醇ASG提取物中的植物化学物质进行了筛选和表征。结果表明，在最佳条件下（提取时间45分钟、提取温度40℃和固液比1:25 g/mL），ASG的提取率为75.87%±0.10。该提取率与实验设计预测的75.39%相当接近。方差分析表明，由于概率值较低（<0.0001），该模型具有高度显著性。拉曼光谱指纹检测到多糖，如半乳糖和葡萄糖，以及蛋白质，如赖氨酸和脯氨酸，而FTIR光谱显示存在烷烃、醛、脂肪胺和酚的官能团峰值。GC-TOFMS光谱检测到强β-D-吡喃半乳糖、类胡萝卜素和番茄红素抗氧化化合物的存在。总之，本研究表明UAE技术是获得高产ASG提取物的有效方法。所选模型足以优化本研究中报道的几种化合物的提取。
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