Farina Priscilla, Venturi Francesca, Ascrizzi Roberta, Flamini Guido, Chiriboga Ortega Rodrigo Daniel, Echeverría Maria Cristina, Ortega Sania, Zinnai Angela, Bedini Stefano, Conti Barbara
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Insects. 2021 Oct 1;12(10):894. doi: 10.3390/insects12100894.
Blowflies are vectors of microorganisms and human pathogens, and their maggots cause myiasis in vertebrates and infest and spoil meat and fish products. Essential oils (EOs) from spices were proven to be a safer and more sustainable alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of blowflies and are suitable for protecting food from such pests. However, some EOs are not acceptable for environmental or topical applications due to their strong, unpleasant odour. In this study, we measured the acute toxicity and the repellence of two EOs extracted from the Andean plants Palau and (Kunth) Triana and Planch., both known for their pleasant odour, against the blue blowfly (L.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). We also compared their bioactivity with that of the L. EO, which is very effective but bad-smelling. The EO was mainly rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, the most abundant of which were geranial (26.8%) and neral (21.0%). The EO was chiefly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, mostly represented by limonene (46.2%). According to the sensory description, the best odour profile was associated with the EO, while the olfactory expression of the EO from was negatively affected by a strong odour of "mouldy lemon". The behavioural test showed that the EO was more repellent than that of and, on the contrary, that the EO was attractive. The toxicity tests showed that the EOs of both Andean plants have a clear toxic effect on the eggs and adults. In terms of ovicidal activity, there were no significant differences among the effects of the three tested EOs. On the adult flies, the toxicity of the two EOs of the Andean plants was much lower than that of (LC fumigation = 1.86 μL EO L air; LC ingestion = 8.10 μL EO mL gel) both by fumigation (LC = 23.66 and 25.30 μL EO L air for and respectively) and ingestion (LC = 36.65 and 44.97 μL EO mL gel for and respectively), while, by contact, the EO (LD = 0.27 μL EO insect) was more toxic than the EO (LD = 0.46 μL EO insect).
丽蝇是微生物和人类病原体的传播媒介，其蛆虫会导致脊椎动物患蝇蛆病，并侵扰和破坏肉类及鱼类产品。事实证明，来自香料的精油是一种比合成杀虫剂更安全、更可持续的控制丽蝇的替代品，适用于保护食品免受此类害虫侵害。然而，一些精油因其强烈、难闻的气味而不适合用于环境或局部应用。在本研究中，我们测定了从安第斯植物帕劳（Palau）和（Kunth）Triana及Planch.中提取的两种精油的急性毒性和驱避性，这两种植物均以其宜人的气味而闻名，它们对蓝丽蝇（Lucilia sericata）（双翅目：丽蝇科）具有驱避作用。我们还将它们的生物活性与sericata精油的生物活性进行了比较，sericata精油非常有效但气味难闻。帕劳精油主要富含氧化单萜类化合物，其中最丰富的是香叶醛（26.8%）和橙花醛（21.0%）。另一种精油主要由单萜类碳氢化合物组成，大多以柠檬烯（46.2%）为代表。根据感官描述，最佳气味特征与帕劳精油相关，而另一种精油的嗅觉表现则受到“发霉柠檬”强烈气味的负面影响。行为测试表明，帕劳精油比另一种精油更具驱避性，相反，另一种精油具有吸引力。毒性测试表明，两种安第斯植物的精油对sericata的卵和成虫都有明显的毒性作用。在杀卵活性方面，三种测试精油的效果之间没有显著差异。对于成虫，两种安第斯植物精油的毒性远低于sericata精油（熏蒸法的LC = 1.86 μL精油/L空气；摄入法的LC = 8.10 μL精油/mL凝胶），无论是通过熏蒸（帕劳精油和另一种精油的LC分别为23.66和25.30 μL精油/L空气）还是摄入（帕劳精油和另一种精油的LC分别为36.65和44.97 μL精油/mL凝胶），而通过接触，帕劳精油（LD = 0.27 μL精油/只昆虫）比另一种精油（LD = 0.46 μL精油/只昆虫）毒性更大。
