First Metabolic Insights into -Infected Bovine Small Intestinal Explants Studied under Physioxic Conditions.

The apicomplexan causes thousands of human deaths yearly. Since bovines represent the most important reservoir of , the analysis of infected bovine small intestinal (BSI) explants cultured under physioxia offers a realistic model to study -host cell-microbiome interactions. Here, -infected BSI explants and primary bovine small intestinal epithelial cells were analysed for parasite development and metabolic reactions. Metabolic conversion rates in supernatants of BSI explants were measured after infection, documenting an immediate parasite-driven metabolic interference. Given that oxygen concentrations affect cellular metabolism, measurements were performed at both 5% O (physiological intestinal conditions) and 21% O (commonly used, hyperoxic lab conditions). Overall, analyses of -infected BSI explants revealed a downregulation of conversion rates of key metabolites-such as glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, and aspartate-at 3 hpi, followed by a rapid increase in the same conversion rates at 6 hpi. Moreover, PCA revealed physioxia as a driving factor of metabolic responses in -infected BSI explants. Overall, the model described here may allow scientists to address pending questions as to how host cell-microbiome alliances influence intestinal epithelial integrity and support the development of protective intestinal immune reactions against infections in a realistic scenario under physioxic conditions.