Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de La Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
CENIT Research Group, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP JGol), Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 587, 08007 Barcelona, Spain.
Nutrients. 2021 Oct 14;13(10):3597. doi: 10.3390/nu13103597.
Diet can help preserve lung function in smokers, as well as aid individuals who avoid smoking. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention, using the Social Networks 2.0 tool, to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and improve lung function in smokers without prior respiratory disease.
A randomized controlled parallel design was used. The participants were assigned to either the intervention or control group. Data from representative smokers without respiratory disease ( = 77) aged 18-70 years were analyzed. The participants completed a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and their adherence to the diet was evaluated by using the questionnaire called the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS, with 14 items), which considers ≥9 points to indicate high adherence. The lung function was assessed by spirometry. Associations among variables were determined by logistic regression.
A comparison of the variables at the end of the study between the control and intervention groups showed that the intervention significantly increased adherence to the MD based on the MEDAS questionnaire (0.69 (2.1) vs. 2.05 (2.03); = 0.009). Specifically, the consumption of fruits was increased after two years in both groups; however, a more significant increase was detected in the intervention group (121 (178) vs. 12.7 (167) in the control group; -value = 0.008). In the unadjusted analysis, the intervention only showed a statistical significant increase in the score of adherence to the MD (β: 1.36; 95% CI 0.35; 2.3; = 0.009), and this increase was maintained after adjusting for age and sex (β: 1.15; 95% CI 0.05; 2.2; = 0.040) and after adjusting for various sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables (β: 1.17; 95% CI 0.02; 2.31; = 0.046). The pulmonary function parameters improved more in the intervention group; however, no significant differences were observed between the two groups.
A nutritional intervention based on a dietetic-nutritional education program resulted in a significant increase in adherence to the MD. However, some evidence suggests that an MD dietary intervention can improve lung function, but in our study, we were not able to demonstrate this. Further research is needed to obtain more robust data and confirm a possible benefit of the program before it can be extended to general practice.
饮食可以帮助吸烟者保持肺功能，也可以帮助那些不吸烟的人。本研究旨在评估使用社交网络 2.0 工具进行营养干预的效果，以提高对地中海饮食（MD）的依从性，并改善无先前呼吸系统疾病的吸烟者的肺功能。
采用随机对照平行设计。参与者被分配到干预组或对照组。分析了年龄在 18-70 岁之间的代表性、无呼吸系统疾病的吸烟者（n=77）的数据。参与者完成了一份经过验证的半定量食物频率问卷，并使用称为地中海饮食依从性评分（MEDAS，有 14 个项目）来评估他们的饮食依从性，该评分考虑到≥9 分表示高度依从。通过肺活量测定法评估肺功能。通过逻辑回归确定变量之间的关联。
在研究结束时，对对照组和干预组的变量进行比较，结果表明，干预组在 MEDAS 问卷上对 MD 的依从性显著增加（0.69（2.1）比 2.05（2.03）；P=0.009）。具体而言，两组的水果摄入量在两年后均有所增加，但干预组的增加更为明显（对照组 121（178）比 12.7（167）；-值=0.008）。在未调整的分析中，干预组仅显示 MD 依从性评分有统计学意义的增加（β：1.36；95%CI 0.35；2.3；P=0.009），并且在调整年龄和性别（β：1.15；95%CI 0.05；2.2；P=0.040）以及调整各种社会人口学、生活方式和人体测量变量（β：1.17；95%CI 0.02；2.31；P=0.046）后，这种增加仍保持不变。干预组的肺功能参数改善更为明显，但两组间无显著差异。
基于饮食营养教育计划的营养干预可显著提高 MD 的依从性。然而，有证据表明 MD 饮食干预可以改善肺功能，但在我们的研究中，我们未能证明这一点。需要进一步的研究来获得更有力的数据，并确认该计划的可能益处，然后才能将其推广到一般实践中。
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