Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Feb 25;809:151142. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151142. Epub 2021 Oct 21.
Agricultural landscapes have changed substantially in recent decades, shifting from the dominance of small fields (S) with diverse cropping systems toward large-scale monoculture (L), where landscape heterogeneity disappears. In this study, artificial nests of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis, were placed in S and L landscape types on the perimeter of oilseed rape fields representing different oilseed rape coverages (ORC, % land cover). The local landscape structure around each nest was characterised within a 100, 200, 500, and 1000 m radius using ORC and 14 landscape characteristics, which were then reduced by non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) to two axes: nMDS1 characterised the dataset primarily according to land fragmentation and the main crop, whereas nMDS2 captured the prevalence of more natural areas in the landscape. Pollen diversity and insecticide risk levels in the pollen provisions collected by the bees were analysed, and their dependence on the landscape structure was tested. Thereafter, the effects of pollen diversity, insecticide risk, and landscape structure on the life-history traits of bees and their sensitivity to topically applied Dursban 480 EC were determined. Pollen taxa richness in a single nest ranged from 3 to 12, and 34 pesticides were detected in the pollen at concentrations of up to 320 ng/g for desmedipham. The O. bicornis foraging range was relatively large, indicating that the landscape structure within a radius of ~1000 m around the nest is important for this species. Pollen diversity in the studied areas was of minor importance for bee performance, but the ORC or landscape structure significantly affected the life-history traits of the bees. Contamination of pollen with insecticides affected the bees by decreasing the mass of newly emerged adults but their sensitivity to Dursban 480 EC was not related to environmental variables.
近几十年来，农业景观发生了巨大变化，从小型农田（S）为主的多样化种植系统向大规模单一栽培（L）转变，景观异质性消失。本研究在油菜田周边的 S 和 L 景观类型中放置了红壁泥蜂（Osmia bicornis）的人工巢，这些油菜田代表了不同的油菜种植率（ORC，%土地覆盖）。利用 ORC 和 14 种景观特征，在 100、200、500 和 1000 m 半径范围内对每个巢周围的局部景观结构进行了特征描述，然后通过非度量多维标度（nMDS）将其简化为两个轴：nMDS1 主要根据土地破碎化和主要作物来描述数据集，而 nMDS2 则捕获景观中更自然区域的流行程度。分析了蜜蜂收集的花粉中的花粉多样性和杀虫剂风险水平，并测试了它们与景观结构的依赖关系。然后，研究了花粉多样性、杀虫剂风险和景观结构对蜜蜂生活史特征及其对局部施用 Dursban 480 EC 的敏感性的影响。单个巢中的花粉分类 richness 范围从 3 到 12，在花粉中检测到 34 种杀虫剂，desmedipham 的浓度高达 320 ng/g。O. bicornis 的觅食范围相对较大，表明巢周围 1000 m 半径内的景观结构对该物种很重要。研究区域的花粉多样性对蜜蜂的表现影响不大，但 ORC 或景观结构显著影响了蜜蜂的生活史特征。花粉中杀虫剂的污染通过降低新出现成虫的质量来影响蜜蜂，但它们对 Dursban 480 EC 的敏感性与环境变量无关。
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