Erdinest Nir, London Naomi, Lavy Itay, Morad Yair, Levinger Nadav
Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
Even Israel 5, Jerusalem 94228, Israel.
Vision (Basel). 2021 Sep 30;5(4):46. doi: 10.3390/vision5040046.
As life expectancy grows, so too will the number of people adversely affected by age. Although it is acknowledged that many conditions and diseases are associated with age, this mini-review will present a current update of the various visual changes that generally occur in healthy individuals disregarding the possible effects of illness. These alterations influence how the world is perceived and in turn can affect efficiency or the ability to perform ordinary daily tasks such as driving or reading. The most common physical developments include a decreased pupil size and retinal luminance as well as changes both in intercellular and intracellular connections within the retina along the pathway to the visual cortex and within the visual cortex. The quantity and the physical location of retinal cells including photoreceptors, ganglion and bipolar retinal cells are modified. The clarity of intraocular organs, such as the intraocular lens, decreases. These all result in common visual manifestations that include reduced visual acuity, dry eyes, motility changes, a contraction of the visual field, presbyopia, reduced contrast sensitivity, slow dark adaptation, recovery from glare, variation in color vision and a decreased visual processing speed. Highlighting these prevalent issues as well as current and possible future innovations will assist providers to formulate treatments and thereby conserve maximum independence and mobility in the modern mature population.
随着预期寿命的增长，受年龄负面影响的人数也会增加。尽管人们认识到许多病症和疾病都与年龄相关，但本综述将介绍健康个体通常会出现的各种视觉变化的最新情况，而不考虑疾病可能产生的影响。这些变化会影响人们对世界的感知，进而可能影响执行日常任务（如驾驶或阅读）的效率或能力。最常见的身体变化包括瞳孔尺寸减小、视网膜亮度降低，以及沿视觉通路至视觉皮层以及视觉皮层内视网膜细胞间和细胞内连接的变化。包括光感受器、神经节和双极视网膜细胞在内的视网膜细胞数量和物理位置会发生改变。眼内器官（如晶状体）的清晰度下降。这些都会导致常见的视觉表现，包括视力下降、眼睛干涩、眼球运动变化、视野缩小、老花眼、对比敏感度降低、暗适应缓慢、眩光恢复能力下降、色觉变化以及视觉处理速度减慢。强调这些普遍问题以及当前和未来可能的创新将有助于医疗服务提供者制定治疗方案，从而在现代老年人群中最大程度地保持独立性和行动能力。
