CORECT Research Group, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia; Study Program of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
Ecological Risk Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Dec 20;227:112931. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112931. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
Antidepressants are extensively used to treat the symptoms of depression in humans, and the environmentally discharged drugs potentially threaten aquatic organisms. In this study, the acute toxic effects of fluoxetine (FLX) were investigated in two aquatic organisms, the freshwater polyp (Hydra magnipapillata) and Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus). The median lethal concentration (LC) of FLX in H. magnipapillata was 3.678, 3.082, and 2.901 mg/L after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Morphological observations of the FLX-exposed H. magnipapillata showed that 1.5 mg/L FLX induced the contraction of the tentacles and body column. The LC of FLX in O. javanicus was 2.046, 1.936, 1.532, and 1.237 mg/L after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Observation of the behavior of the FLX-exposed fish showed that FLX reduced their swimming performance at a minimum concentration of 10 µg/L. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC) of FLX for swimming behavior in O. javanicus was 0.135, 0.108, and 0.011 mg/L after 12, 24, and 96 h, respectively. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that FLX affects various physiological and metabolic processes in both species. FLX exposure induced oxidative stress, reproductive deficiency, abnormal pattern formation, DNA damage, and neurotransmission disturbance in H. magnipapillata, whereas it adversely affected O. javanicus by inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mRNA instability. Neurotransmission-based behavioral changes and endocrine disruption were strongly suspected in the FLX-exposed fish. These results suggest that FLX affects the behavior and metabolic regulation of aquatic organisms.
抗抑郁药被广泛用于治疗人类的抑郁症状，而环境排放的药物可能会对水生生物造成威胁。在这项研究中，我们研究了两种水生生物，淡水水螅（Hydra magnipapillata）和爪哇稻鱼（Oryzias javanicus），其中氟西汀（FLX）的急性毒性作用。在 24、48 和 72 小时后，FLX 在 H. magnipapillata 中的中位致死浓度（LC）分别为 3.678、3.082 和 2.901mg/L。暴露于 FLX 的 H. magnipapillata 的形态观察显示，1.5mg/L 的 FLX 诱导触手和身体柱收缩。在 O. javanicus 中，FLX 的 LC 分别为 2.046、1.936、1.532 和 1.237mg/L，在 24、48、72 和 96 小时后。对 FLX 暴露鱼的行为观察表明，FLX 在最低浓度为 10μg/L 时就降低了它们的游泳性能。FLX 对 O. javanicus 游泳行为的半数最大有效浓度（EC）分别为 12、24 和 96 小时后的 0.135、0.108 和 0.011mg/L。转录组分析表明，FLX 影响两种物种的各种生理和代谢过程。FLX 暴露在 H. magnipapillata 中引起氧化应激、生殖缺陷、异常模式形成、DNA 损伤和神经递质传递障碍，而在 O. javanicus 中则通过诱导氧化应激、DNA 损伤、内质网应激和 mRNA 不稳定性对其产生不利影响。FLX 暴露鱼的神经递质相关行为变化和内分泌干扰强烈怀疑。这些结果表明，FLX 会影响水生生物的行为和代谢调节。
