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J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022 Jan 5;207:114433. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114433. Epub 2021 Oct 18.
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of drugs presenting identical anabolic properties to anabolic steroids in addition to marked reduced androgenic effects. These drugs have emerged in the doping area within the early 2000's. Ligandrol, ostarine, RAD-140 and andarine are the most popular agents belonging to this class. According to the world anti-doping agency (WADA) prohibited list, SARMs are prohibited at all times (i.e. in and out-of-competition) and are listed under the section S1.2 (other anabolic agents). The compilation of the WADA testing figures reports from 2015 to 2019 has indicated a regular increase of adverse analytical findings (AAF) due to SARMs, particularly with ostarine and ligandrol. The implementation of highly sensitive chromatographic anti-doping analyses has induced high-profile challenges of anti-doping rules violations as athletes have claimed in numerous occasions that contamination was the reason for their AAF. Since the early 2000's, it has been accepted by the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) in Lausanne (Switzerland) that, under some specific circumstances, unusual explanations can be provided to the Panel to explain an AAF. This was the open door for forensic investigations, as it is done in criminal Courts. A forensic approach can include testing for SARMs in food, drinks, but mostly in dietary supplements. As most anti-doping rules violations are only known several weeks after urine collection, this biological matrix is seldom use for further tests, despite the fact that most SARMs can be detected for several weeks in urine. Luckily, hair or nail testing can be a complement to document the claim of the athlete but of course, it cannot be considered as an alternative to urinalysis. This is because a negative hair or nail result cannot exclude the use of the detected drug and cannot overrule the urine result. To date, all methods for SARMs identification in various matrices involve liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry or high-resolution mass spectrometry. The aim of this paper is to review the scientific literature on the analytical possibilities of testing SARMs in dietary supplements, urine and hair or nail clippings after an AAF to document the claims of an athlete or his/her legal team.
选择性雄激素受体调节剂（SARMs）是一类药物，除了具有明显的雄激素作用降低外，还具有与合成代谢类固醇相同的合成代谢特性。这些药物在 21 世纪初出现在兴奋剂领域。利伐罗、奥沙那、RAD-140 和阿那曲唑是属于这一类的最受欢迎的药物。根据世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）禁用清单，SARMs 一直被禁止（即在比赛中和比赛外），并被列入 S1.2 节（其他合成代谢剂）。对 2015 年至 2019 年 WADA 检测数据报告的汇编表明，由于 SARMs，特别是奥沙那和利伐罗，不良分析结果（AAF）的数量不断增加。高灵敏度色谱反兴奋剂分析的实施带来了违反反兴奋剂规则的高调挑战，因为运动员在许多场合声称污染是他们 AAF 的原因。自 21 世纪初以来，洛桑（瑞士）的国际体育仲裁法庭（CAS）已接受，在某些特定情况下，可以向小组提供不寻常的解释来解释 AAF。这为法医学调查打开了大门，就像在刑事法庭一样。法医方法可以包括在食物、饮料中检测 SARMs，但主要是在膳食补充剂中。由于大多数违反反兴奋剂规则的情况仅在尿液采集后数周才被发现，因此这种生物基质很少用于进一步检测，尽管大多数 SARMs 可以在尿液中检测数周。幸运的是，头发或指甲测试可以作为证明运动员主张的补充，但当然，它不能替代尿液分析。这是因为阴性头发或指甲结果不能排除所检测药物的使用，也不能推翻尿液结果。迄今为止，各种基质中 SARMs 鉴定的所有方法都涉及液相色谱与串联质谱或高分辨率质谱联用。本文的目的是审查关于在 AAF 后在膳食补充剂、尿液和头发或指甲屑中检测 SARMs 的分析可能性的科学文献，以证明运动员或其法律团队的主张。
