Faculty of Economics, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Faculty of International Business, Banking Academy of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Mar;29(13):19657-19678. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17103-3. Epub 2021 Oct 31.
This article examines the impacts of cross-border economic sanction (CES) on environmental performance by using the structural gravity model for 207 target countries during the 1995-2018 period. We consider various forms of sanction, including arms, military, trade, finance, travel, and others, while the environmental performance index (EPI) is used to measure the environmental performance. The results reveal that the imposition of a sanction, especially arm, financial, travel, and other sanctions has a significantly negative effect on the EPI score. The effects are also largely heterogeneous across sanctioned countries in terms of their economic development. The negative impact of sanctions on the environmental performance is found the most evident in developing transition countries, followed by developed economies but insignificant if the target is a developing nation. Furthermore, the properties of the financial market and the institutional quality of the sanctioned states critically affect the relationship between CES and EPI. Particularly, either the better financial market and institution development, the high degree of financial openness, central bank independence, or well-developed institutional quality helps target countries mitigate the consequences of CES on EPI. The empirical findings provide insightful implications about the socially responsible aspect of sanctions and vital lessons for economists and policymakers in the target countries in reducing the environmental costs of sanctions.
本文利用 1995 年至 2018 年期间 207 个目标国家的结构引力模型，考察了跨境经济制裁（CES）对环境绩效的影响。我们考虑了各种形式的制裁，包括武器、军事、贸易、金融、旅行等，而环境绩效指数（EPI）则用于衡量环境绩效。结果表明，制裁的实施，特别是武器、金融、旅行和其他制裁，对 EPI 得分有显著的负面影响。制裁对环境绩效的影响在经济发展水平不同的受制裁国家之间也存在很大的异质性。制裁对环境绩效的负面影响在发展中转型国家最为明显，其次是发达经济体，但如果目标是发展中国家，则影响不显著。此外，金融市场的特性和受制裁国家的制度质量对 CES 和 EPI 之间的关系具有关键影响。特别是，金融市场和机构发展较好、金融开放程度较高、央行独立性较强或机构质量较好的国家，有助于减轻 CES 对 EPI 的影响。实证结果为制裁的社会责任方面提供了有见地的启示，并为目标国家的经济学家和政策制定者提供了重要的经验教训，以减轻制裁的环境成本。
