van Dongen Noah, Sikorski Michał
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Eur J Philos Sci. 2021;11(3):93. doi: 10.1007/s13194-021-00400-6. Epub 2021 Sep 8.
In the last decade, many problematic cases of scientific conduct have been diagnosed; some of which involve outright fraud (e.g., Stapel, 2012) others are more subtle (e.g., supposed evidence of extrasensory perception; Bem, 2011). These and similar problems can be interpreted as caused by lack of scientific objectivity. The current philosophical theories of objectivity do not provide scientists with conceptualizations that can be effectively put into practice in remedying these issues. We propose a novel way of thinking about objectivity for individual scientists; a negative and dynamic approach.We provide a philosophical conceptualization of objectivity that is informed by empirical research. In particular, it is our intention to take the first steps in providing an empirically and methodologically informed inventory of factors that impair the scientific practice. The inventory will be compiled into a negative conceptualization (i.e., what is not objective), which could in principle be used by individual scientists to assess (deviations from) objectivity of scientific practice. We propose a preliminary outline of a usable and testable instrument for indicating the objectivity of scientific practice.
在过去十年中，许多科学行为方面的问题案例已被发现；其中一些涉及彻头彻尾的欺诈行为（例如，斯塔佩尔，2012年），其他的则较为隐蔽（例如，超感官知觉的所谓证据；贝姆，2011年）。这些以及类似的问题可被解释为由缺乏科学客观性所致。当前的客观性哲学理论并未为科学家提供能够有效应用于解决这些问题的概念。我们为个体科学家提出一种全新的客观性思考方式；一种消极且动态的方法。我们提供一种基于实证研究的客观性哲学概念。具体而言，我们打算率先迈出第一步，提供一份基于实证和方法论的损害科学实践的因素清单。该清单将被编制成一种消极概念（即什么是不客观的），原则上个体科学家可利用它来评估科学实践的（与）客观性（的偏差）。我们提出一个初步大纲，用于制定一个可用于指示科学实践客观性的可用且可测试的工具。
